2d. Bicarbonate does buffer the blood because carbonic acid is generated from dissolving CO2 (g) in liquid water:

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ↔ H2CO3 (aq) pKeq° = 2.52 at 37°C

This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Consequently, the reaction that really represents what’s happening when bicarbonate buffers the blood is: CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) ↔ HCO₃- (aq) + H+ (aq).

Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction (Hint: use Hess’s law and one of the equilibrium expressions from question 2ci above). Would you expect this to be an adequate buffer system at physiological pH? Explain.

My answer to 2ci:

2c. The pKa’s for carbonic acid and bicarbonate at 37°C are 3.83 and 10.25, respectively.

i. Write the equation for each of these equilibria.

H₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇄ HCO₃⁻ + H₃O⁺ (pKa = 3.83)

HCO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇄ CO₃²⁻ + H₃O⁺   (pKa = 10.25)

1. In the API 20E test each section represents which of the following? A.a test for a different enzyme within the same biochemical pathway B.a different biochemical test C.a selective media D.All of the above

2. The tests within the API 20E tubes may be performed under? A.aerobic conditions B.anaerobic conditions C.either aerobic or anaerobic conditions

3. How are the results for the API 20E interpreted? a)A reference identification code is produced from the number of positive reactions b)The positive tests are used in a dichotomous key to identify the organism

4. What are used in the Kirby-Bauer test to measure microbial antibiotic sensitivity? A.broths containing antibiotics B.discs impregnated with antibiotics C.McFarlands antibiotic D.all of the above

5. Antibiotic susceptibility is measured in terms of? A.the diameter of a zone of inhibition B.the circumference of a zone of inhibition C.the area of a zone of inhibition D.the inverse of the square of the zone of inhibition

1. In the API 20E test each section represents which of the following? A.a test for a different enzyme within the same biochemical pathway B.a different biochemical test C.a selective media D.All of the above

2. The tests within the API 20E tubes may be performed under? A.aerobic conditions B.anaerobic conditions C.either aerobic or anaerobic conditions

3. How are the results for the API 20E interpreted? a)A reference identification code is produced from the number of positive reactions b)The positive tests are used in a dichotomous key to identify the organism

4. What are used in the Kirby-Bauer test to measure microbial antibiotic sensitivity? A.broths containing antibiotics B.discs impregnated with antibiotics C.McFarlands antibiotic D.all of the above

5. Antibiotic susceptibility is measured in terms of? A.the diameter of a zone of inhibition B.the circumference of a zone of inhibition C.the area of a zone of inhibition D.the inverse of the square of the zone of inhibition

1) What is CRISPR? For what is it used? How does it work? What are some problems with using CRISPR in people? is this correct CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. CRISPR can be used to change DNA sequences and modify genes. Scientists can use CRISPR to turn genes off or replace genes that are causing diseases or change genes for a specific trait. It works by targeting a certain section of DNA. An enzyme cuts the DNA strand that is targeted or defective. The targeted strand can either be replaced with a different gene or the gene can be turned off or made nonfunctional. What are some problems with using CRISPR in people?

2) What is GenBank? Why might you need to use it?

3) In which cases is it better to use Sanger sequencing over second-generation sequencing? In which cases is it better to use second-generation sequencing over sanger sequencing?

Part 2: Complete Ligation Reaction Calculations

You are setting up a ligation reaction with the following components:

Plasmid Vector (0.02 µg/µL)

Insert DNA (0.03 µg/µL)

10X T4 Ligase Buffer

T4 DNA Ligase Enzyme

Water

You plan to set up one experiment with a _______ ratio of insert to plasmid. The amount of plasmid vector to be used in total will be _____ µg. The final reaction volume will be 50 µL. You will add 2.5 µL of T4 Ligase once the reaction samples are prepared (for a total volume of 52.5 µL). Complete the following chart regarding the volumes of each component used to prepare your samples.

matching

fragment DNA at specific sites

hybridize DNA fragments with labeled probe

create DNA features on a DNA microchip

prepare mRNA for DNA sequencing

transform eukaryotic cells with electricity

detect the amount of or the 5’ end of mRNA

visualize DNA, RNA or other small structures

a type of electrophoresis

detect protein binding to DNA

use antibody to detect a specific protein

use antibody to purify a specific protein

amplify a specific locus of DNA

adding transformed ES to blastocyst

Type of DNA chip that looks at DNA with modified histones

A. electroporation

B. primer extension

C. PCR

D. electron microscopy

E. Southern blot

F. immunoprecipitation

G. photolithography

H. gel mobility shift assay

I. making transgenic mice

J. restriction enzyme digestion

K. Western blot

L. PAGE

M. ChIP

N. cDNA synthesis

O. microinjection

P. spotted microarray

*Why was carbon chosen as the atomic backbone of life?

*Define a functional group and explain their importance to life.

*Describe the complete structure, classification and functions of the carbohydrates.

*List and describe in detail the 4 protein structures.

*Define an enzyme and explain how they work and their importance to living things.

*Compare the different types of triglycerides and indicate which are not healthy and those that are healthy. Also, indicate why some are and are not healthy choices.

*List all the macromolecules and describe the monomers of each and how each can be identified through testing.

*List and describe all of the accessory organs of the digestive system and explain how they assist with the process of digestion.

*Explain at least 5 ways in which the small int. is capable of increasing its surface area to perform greater absorption of nutrients.

*Describe in detail the movement of food from the mouth to the anus.

*Compare the similarities and differences between the large intestine and the large intestine.

*Compare the similarities and differences between the wall of the sm. int. and the lg. int.

An organism has the indicated traits. Based on current knowledge, indicate

whether the organism belongs to the Domain Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, or some

combination. Use the possible answers listed below. Place the number of the correct

answer in the space provided. An answer may be used more than once.

Possibilities:

1. Archaea 4. Could be Archaea or Bacteria

2. Bacteria 5. Could be Archaea or eukaryote

3. Eukaryote 6. Could be Bacteria or eukaryote

7. Can’t tell (could be any Domain)

_____a prokaryotic thermophile that prefers temperatures above 45°C

_____utilizes CO2 as a carbon source

_____has cell membrane lipids of branched hydrocarbons with ether-linkages

_____ has more than one type of RNA polymerizing enzyme

_____has cell walls of peptidoglycan

_____lacks membrane-bound nucleus ("nucleosome structure")

_____has mitochondria as an organelle

_____has oxygenic photosynthesis

_____ has a circular chromosome structure

_____has cell walls

Binding of an agonist to an adrenergic GPCR receptor results in:
A.   The GalphaS subunit dissociating from the Gbeta-Ggamma subunits.
B.   The Gbeta subunit dissociating from the GalphaS-Ggamma subunits.
C.   The Ggamma-subunit dissociating from the GalphaS-Gbeta subunits.
D.   None of the above are correct.
E.   All of the above are correct.

mTORC signaling occurs when:
A.   the cell has an energy deficit and requires more nutrients.
B.   the cell has an adequate supply of nutrients and is in a high-energy state
C.   the muscles are fatigued and require additional oxygen.

In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-coA is linked to a pre-existing molecule of_______________.
A.   citrate (citric acid)
B.   oxaloacetate
C.   fumarate
D.   succinate
E.   pyruvate

What type of enzyme is required to catabolize an unsaturated fatty acid but not a saturated fatty acid?
dehydrogenase
mutase
hydratase  
isomerase

please answer all of it or it cannot don't answer question