The state of Georgia is considering the construction of a high-speed rail system to alleviate traffic congestion, especially across the Atlanta Metropolis at a cost of $45 billion. Some of the funding will come from the Deutsche Bank financial institution, while most of it will be through the issuance of state bonds, with the rest financed by private investors who will own shares in the rail system. Explain how financial intermediation is necessary to make this project a reality. Why couldn’t the state use the tax revenues it collects during the current year to pay for it?

The state of Georgia is considering the construction of a high-speed rail system to alleviate traffic congestion, especially across the Atlanta Metropolis at a cost of $45 billion. Some of the funding will come from the Deutsche Bank financial institution, while most of it will be through the issuance of state bonds, with the rest financed by private investors who will own shares in the rail system. Explain how financial intermediation is necessary to make this project a reality. Why couldn’t the state use the tax revenues it collects during the current year to pay for it?

Question 3: Hypothesis Testing about the population mean (μ)   
A researcher claims that the average weekly spending for lunch by commuting students in US colleges is usually higher in winter semester than the of average of $30 in the prior fall semester. To verify this claim a sample of 100 commuting students were randomly selected in spring semester and their average weekly spending was reported as $32.5. From historical experience the population standard deviation of weekly spending by commuting students nationally is known to be $12.6. Use this information to answer these questions.
Note: Standard error of  is          OR        

1. In the context of this problem, μ denotes ……………………..   

2. This is a case 1, 2 or 3 (circle one) hypothesis testing problem because ……………
     ………………… and ………………………….

3. Based on your answer in part 2,  can only be transformed into (choose one)
    Z = (    -  )  ( )       OR           t = (    -  )  ( S)   

4a. From the three exhibits below, which pair of hypotheses would you use to verify the researcher’s claim.                                                                                                                                        (2 points.)
                                          
Exhibit 1

H₀: µ ≤ 30  
H_a: µ < 30

Exhibit 2

H₀: µ ≤ 30        
H_a: µ > 30

Exhibit 3

      H₀: µ  30        
  H_a: µ < 30

b. From your choice in part ‘a’, which hypothesis (H₀ or H_a) reflects/represents the research question?
                                                                                                                                                
c. From your answer in part 3 above, the standard error of the sample mean is ..................

5a. At α = .05, the p-value (PV) is ............................................

b. At α = .05, state the decision rules for rejecting or not rejecting H₀.                        

c. At α = .05, what is your conclusion?

6. Repeat the hypothesis test using the critical value (CV) approach.

a. At α = .05, state the decision rules for rejecting or not rejecting H₀.

b. At α = .05, what is your conclusion?           

Please review “The World of Work.” What are your own plans for achieving a satisfactory work–life balance after graduating from college? Based on the research in this section, how realistic do you think your goals are?

Explain how we think about the social world, our perception of the world, and how we view ourselves in the social environment. Draw in-depth conclusions about each of the topics.

Then, select and respond one (1) of the following in the discussion forum:

- List the two (2) major types of social cognition. Discuss the differences between them and give an example of each type.

- Explain how culture influences social thinking. Give an example of a culture that has shown to influence social thinking. It can be a personal experience or a general example. Provide a detailed explanation of how do you consider that the culture identified influences social thinking.

- Provide an in-depth explanation of how people use nonverbal cues to understand others. What are some examples of nonverbal cues?

- How do we determine why people do what they do? Provide an example of a time when you performed an academic or professional action to enable your academic or professional success. Were you successful? If not, what could you have done differently?

Through careful genetic engineering, you have produced what you call the Super Tree – a tree that can absorb extraordinary amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂), thereby helping to slow the process of global warming. Past research has shown that a regular tree absorbs 48 pounds of (CO₂) per year but you find that in a random sample of 36 of your own trees, the average amount of CO₂ absorbed is 54.3 pounds with a standard deviation of 18. Using an alpha level of .05, test the hypothesis that the average CO₂ absorption in your population of Super Trees is better than the typical tree.

a.What is the null hypothesis for this test?

b.What is the alternative hypothesis for this test?

c.Is this a one-sided or two-sided test? How do you know?

d.Will you use a z-test or a t-test in this situation? Why?

e.What is the critical value of the test statistic?

f.What is the value of the test statistic calculated from the sample results?

g.What decision about the null hypothesis does your test lead to?

h.What does this indicate about the CO₂ absorption of your Super Trees?

i.Would your decision be different if you used an alpha level of .01? Explain

j.Would your decision be different if you used an alpha level of .001? Explain.

Scenario: Upon successful completion of the MBA program, imagine you work in the analytics department for a consulting company. Your assignment is to analyze one of the following databases:

• Manufacturing
• Hospital
• Consumer Food
• Financial

Select one of the databases based on the information in the Signature Assignment Options.

Provide a 1,600-word detailed, four part, statistical report with the following sections:

• Part 1 - Preliminary Analysis
• Part 2 - Examination of Descriptive Statistics
• Part 3 - Examination of Inferential Statistics
• Part 4 - Conclusion/Recommendations

Part 1 - Preliminary Analysis

Generally, as a statistics consultant, you will be given a problem and data. At times, you may have to gather additional data. For this assignment, assume all the data is already gathered for you.

State the objective:

• What are the questions you are trying to address?

Describe the population in the study clearly and in sufficient detail:

• What is the sample?

Discuss the types of data and variables:

• Are the data quantitative or qualitative?
• What are levels of measurement for the data?

Part 2 - Descriptive Statistics

Examine the given data.

Present the descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, variance, CV, and five-number summary).

Identify any outliers in the data.

Present any graphs or charts you think are appropriate for the data.

Note: Ideally, we want to assess the conditions of normality too. However, for the purpose of this exercise, assume data is drawn from normal populations.

Part 3 - Inferential Statistics

Use the Part 3: Inferential Statistics document.

• Create (formulate) hypotheses
• Run formal hypothesis tests
• Make decisions. Your decisions should be stated in non-technical terms.

Hint: A final conclusion saying "reject the null hypothesis" by itself without explanation is basically worthless to those who hired you. Similarly, stating the conclusion is false or rejected is not sufficient.

Part 4 - Conclusion and Recommendations

Include the following:

• What are your conclusions?
• What do you infer from the statistical analysis?
• State the interpretations in non-technical terms. What information might lead to a different conclusion?
• Are there any variables missing?
• What additional information would be valuable to help draw a more certain conclusion?

In Seattle Plant, Inc.’s most recent balance sheet, accounts receivable was reported at $560,495. Using the PCAOB identification system, state the five separate assertions management is making about accounts receivable. Be clear and concise. Do not use the words exist, existence, occur, occurrence, completeness, rights, obligations, valuation, allocation, presentation, or disclosure in your answer.

I completed the Rights & Obligations assertion for you.

MANAGEMENT ASSERTION (ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE)

Existence/Occurrence

Completeness

Valuation

Rights & Obligations

Seattle Plants is entitled to all amounts included in accounts receivable.

Presentation/Disclosure

Suppose you have a deck of 40 cards, containing 10 red cards and 30 black cards. A player draws 7 cards from the deck and places them into their hand. The remaining deck of 33 cards has 5 red cards and 5 black cards in the top 10 cards. The other 23 cards in the remaining deck are unknown color. What is the probability of the player's hand having 0,1,2,3,4,5 red cards?

Sean Willens owns various plots of land in Duval County, FL. He acquired the land at various times during the last 20 years. About every third year, Sean subdivides one of the properties he owns into lots. He then has sewer, water, natural gas, and electricity hookups put in each lot and paves new streets. Sean has always treated his sales of such lots as sales of capital assets. His previous tax returns were prepared by an accountant whose practice you recently purchased. Has the proper tax treatment been used on the prior tax returns? Explain.

Your memorandum should include the Facts, tax issue conclusion and analysis.

You will find guidance from the regulations under Section 1221 and 1237. (You’ll find relevant provisions for the facts of this case in § 1237(a)(2) and Reg 1.1237-1(c)(3)(ii)).