1. Draw a simple diagram of a prokaryotic ribosome, showing where the mRNA fits and the three grooves/sites inside. Be sure to label each of the subunits with their correct sizes (in S). Then answer the questions below using the diagram and what you know about translation.

a.How does the mRNA know where to bind onto the ribosome?

b.Which factor keeps the ribosomal subunits separate before translation begins? ______

c.Which factor guides the initiator tRNA to the correct site? ______

d.Which site on the ribosome does the first charged tRNA enter? _______

e.What amino acid (remember, we’re in prokaryotes) is it carrying? _______

f.Which site do charged tRNAs normally enter? _______

g.Describe the process of elongation, including which factors are useful for which tasks.

h.Out of which site does the growing polypeptide chain emerge? _______

i.Which codons signal to the ribosome to stop translation? ______ ______ ______

j.What molecule is responsible for “recharging” tRNAs? _________

A child has phenylketonuria (PKU). The healthcare professional educates the parents on the special diet needed, telling them that children with PKU are unable to synthesize what?

What is the effect of low plasma albumin?

A child has Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the parents want to know how this occurred. Which statement by the healthcare professional is most accurate?

1. The final concentration of dNTPs in a PCR should be 1 mM. You currently have each nucleotide as separate 10 mM stocks. How would you made up 400 µl of a dNTP mix?
2. You are given a 8 mM solution of a protein (MW 27,000 g/mol). Using this information fill in the blanks below to fit the units given.

1. ____________________μmole/ml
2. ___________________ g/L
3. ___________________ mg/ml

3. You order a 19-mer oligonucleotide for a PCR reaction. The molecular weight is 5858.9 and the amount you receive is 36.7µg. You need to make up a 5µM solution. What volume of water do you dissolve your oligo in?
4. You lypholize 1ml of a 20nM solution of a 50kDa protein dissolved in water. What is the expected weight of the dried protein?
5. If the average molecular mass of an amino acid is 110Da, what would the estimated molecular weight of a 33-mer peptide be? (in kDa)

The primary sequence of the peptide listed below.

H2N -(1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - COOH

H2N - Asp-Thr-Phe-Lys-COOH

H2N – D -T – F – K – COOH

Use the one letter amino acid code and identify from N-terminus to C-terminus.

a.Determine the pI of the peptide. (Round to 2 decimal points)

b. Would mutating residue #3 to Ala change the pI of the peptide? Explain.

c. Which type of noncovalent interaction would the indicated residue side chain make at the given pH? (H-bond, Hydrophobic or Van der Waals, or Ionic bond or Salt bridge)

Residue 1 @ pH 5.0

Residue 2 @ pH 6.0

Residue 3 @ pH 11.0

Residue 4 @ pH 10.0

d. Calculate the fraction of the peptides C-terminus protonated at pH 2.5 (Round to 2 decimal points)

Question 1

Regulated exocytosis involves __________vesicles that contain cargo such as hormones, mucus or ______________and are released in response to an __________signal. In contrast, unregulated exocytosis involves cargo of macromolecules like ____________ and soluble proteins and are released ____________ an external signal.

Question 2                

When is the signal sequence for the ER cleaved off a protein that is being translated on the ER?

1. It is always cleaved off.

2. Only when the a soluble protein is translated into the ER lumen.

3. For soluble proteins and single-pass transmembrane proteins.

4. Only when the protein is embedded into the ER membrane.

Question 3                

Where does translation always start in the cell?

1. On a free ribosome in the cytosol

2. On a ribosome on the ER for a secreted protein

3. In the nucleus

4. On a ribosome on the ER for a membrane protein

Question 4

If a protein is to be imbedded as a multi-pass protein in the ER membrane, what part of the protein will have a signal sequence?

1. Interior of the protein
2. 5’ end of the protein
3. carboxyl terminal end
4. amino terminal end

WHERE your body gains extra weight can influence health consequences. What body shape is especially linked ro higher risk of chronic disease?

Select one:

a. pear shape

b. banana shape

c. apple shape

d. celery shape

Question 2

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What is the most appropriate message to convey to someone suffering from anorexia nervosa?

Select one:

a. food is medicine, the nutrients will nourish your body and optimize its function, such as helping you with learning, strength & endurance

b. being underweight is not attractive

c. count calories

d. use exercise to burn of extra calories

Question 3

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Anorexia Nervosa can lead to all of the below, except:

Select one:

a. high blood pressure

b. weakened heart muscle

c. lanugo hair

d. slow heart beat

Question 4

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An example of physical activity that is considered "aerobic" is _____

Select one:

a. jogging while comfortably carrying on a conversation

b. lifting heavy weights

c. 100 yard sprint race

Question 5

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Creatine and branched chain amino acid supplements are illegal dietary supplements in sports and banned by NCAA

Select one:

True

False

Question 6

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During moderate aerobic exercise, fatty acids from fat cells serve as a source of energy for the muscles

Select one:

True

False

Question 7

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Diagnostic criteria (meaning you have to have this occur as part of the medical diagnosis) of anorexia include _____.

Select one:

a. distorted body image or denial of the seriousness of the low body weight

b. purging

c. intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

d. a and b

e. all of the above

Question 8

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To treat bulimia, what strategy/strategies is (are) recommended?

Select one:

a. establish a regular structured routine for meals and snacks

b. exercise and mindful eating

c. avoid skipping meals

d. all of the above

Question 9

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Eating disorders are prevalent among athletes, and certain sports have higher risk. What would have lowest risk?

Select one:

a. ice hockey

b. ballet

c. sports with short shorts and or tight fitting uniforms

d. cross country running

Question 10

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Creatine is not present naturally in foods, not even in meat.

Select one:

True

False

• What are characteristics of a human becoming nurse? What are strengths and weaknesses to this theory of nursing?

• Case Study- The hospice nurse sat with Ann's husband, Ben. Ann was resting quietly as the increased dosage of IV pain medication gradually reached its therapeutic level. Ben turned his head and slowly turned, looking out the room's only window. As he glanced up, a small flicker of light caught his breath. It was a shooting star. A tear fell from the corner of his eye and he turned to Ann. The nurse sensed that something significant to Ann and Ben was unfolding. Shuffling to Ann's bedside, he took her small fragile hand in his. These hands had rocked cradles, burped babies, and groomed the horses she loved to ride. Gently holding her hand, he turned to the nurse. "She would ride like the wind was chasing her." Looking back to Ann his voice broke; choking back tears "Ann, Ann I saw Jessie…Jessie is calling." Ben turned "Jessie was our daughter. She died having a baby that was too big. When she died it was a pitch-black night. Cold, so cold, the baby died too, a little boy, named him Abe, Jr. after Jessie's husband. I took Ann outside so she could cry to God above and there in this dark sky we saw two falling stars…together…just falling. We knew it had to be Jessie and Abe…two angels to light up the night." Ben turned back as a deep sigh escaped from Ann's lips. A soft smile remained as she joined Jessie and Abe.

A decrease of human capital in an economy tends to,  

1. Comparison of the Neanderthal genome to the modern human and chimpanzee genomes led to the conclusion that C->T and G -> A transition mutations were over-represented in the branch of the tree that led to Neanderthals. How could you tell whether a mutation was “over-represented”? Compared to what? Explain the specific methods and comparisons that were used to reach this conclusion, and how the results were interpreted. If a particular mutation was over-represented in ancient DNAs, then what sorts of molecular mechanism(s) you suspect? In other words, when did these excess C->T and G -> A transitions occur – (i) during reproduction in the lives of Neanderthals, or (ii) during post-mortem changes to their tissues over the centuries? Why?

There is no question that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) play a role in human characteristics and behavior. One way to tease apart the effect of nature and the effect of nurture is to study children who have been adopted at birth. These children are unique in that they received the genetic influence from their birth parents and the environmental influence from their adoptive parents. For example, a research study can be conducted to see if the amount of time a child spends watching TV is more correlated with the TV-watching time of his/her birth parent or adoptive parent. If the TV-watching time of the child is more correlated with the birth parent’s TV-watching time, it means that the propensity to watch TV might be genetically determined to a larger extent compared to environmental influence. If it’s more correlated with the adoptive parent’s TV-watching time, then it means that the propensity to watch TV might be influenced by the behavior of the adoptive parent to a larger extent.

Use the following dataset to answer the questions below:

Calculate the Z scores for all the data points for the children and their birth parents. (please show work for at least a few so I can understand how to do them)

Explain the direction and strength of the relationship based on the r.

Calculate the Z scores for all the data points for the adoptive parents. (please show work for at least a few so I can understand how to do them)

Explain the direction and strength of the relationship based on the r.