Assume the following data represent the cost of a gallon of gasoline ($) at all the various gas stations around town on a given day. Take a random sample of size 5 from this population.

2.59 3.01 3.15 2.83 2.79 2.59 2.96 3.05 3.19 3.03 2.65 2.74 2.83 2.69 3.05 3.10 2.89 2.84 2.63 3.11 2.76 2.89 2.90 3.09 3.05 2.71 2.84 2.90 2.75 2.90 2.56 2.89 2.76 2.87 2.92 3.05 3.09 2.57 3.20 2.76

a) Describe the individual, variable, population and sample.

b) A description of the process you went through to actually collect the random sample.

c) The work showing the calculation of the mean and standard deviation by hand. (You may use a basic calculator for the arithmetic.)

d) A sentence explaining the meaning of the standard deviation in terms of the gasoline prices.

What can you conclude about the price elasticity of demand from each of the following statements? (Is it: perfectly elastic, elastic, unit elastic, inelastic, perfectly inelastic)

a. "The pizza delivery business is very competitive in this town. I'd lose half my customers if I raised the price by as little more than 10%."

b. "I own the only chicken farm in Hong Kong that produces organic free-range eggs. I recently increased my production by 20%, and found that the price that I could sell the eggs at dropped by 10%."

c. My professor has required the use of the Krugman textbook for the class. I have no choice but to buy this book."

d. No matter what the price is, I always spend a total of exactly $100 per month buying coffee beans."

please give me answers with detailed explanations. thank you.

1, Write an appropriate compile-time initialization for a memory location named courseNumber. Store CS 158 as the initial value in the memory location. ______________________________

2, To declare a memory location to store the town where you were born, you would write _______________________.  The identifier (memory location name) you should use is homeTown. It follows the rules for naming identifiers. Be sure to end your declaration with a semicolon.

3, The default data type used for floating point values is __________. You could store the amount of money in your checking account in this memory location.

4,To create a memory location to store the count for the number of correct responses use the ____________ data type.

5,Write an appropriate compile-time initialization for a memory location named lastQuestion that could store true or false as a boolean in the memory cell. ________________________

This is from my computer science c# class

Blue Apron IPO Leaves a Bad Taste Founded in 2012, Blue Apron is one of the top meal-kit delivery services doing business in the United States. Started by three co-founders—Matt Salzberg, Matt Wadiak, and Ilia Pappas—Blue Apron provides pre-portioned ingredients (and recipes) for a meal, delivered to consumers’ front doors. According to recent research, the U.S. meal-kit delivery industry is an $800 million business with the potential to scale up quickly, as more and more consumers struggle to find time to go grocery shopping, make meals, and spend time with family and friends in their hectic daily lives. As word spread among foodies about the quality and innovative meals put together by Blue Apron, the company’s popularity took off, supported by millions in start-up funding. Costs to scale the business have not been cheap—estimates suggest that Blue Apron’s marketing costs have been high. Despite the challenges, by early 2017 the company was selling more than 8 million meal kits a month and decided to go public in an effort to raise more money and scale its operations, including a new fulfillment facility in New Jersey. According to the IPO paperwork filed with the SEC, the company had net revenues of $84 million in 2014, which increased to $795 million in 2016. However, those ambitious numbers were not without warnings: company losses increased in the same time period from $33 million to $55 million. Even with those larges losses on its balance sheet, Blue Apron decided to go ahead with the IPO and hired Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, two top stock underwriters, to figure out the right price for the initial offering. While Blue Apron and its underwriters were finalizing stock prices, Amazon announced plans to acquire Whole Foods—a move that could negatively affect Blue Apron’s business going forward. Even after Amazon’s announcement, Blue Apron and its financial advisors priced the initial offering at $15 to $17 a share and met with investors across the country to inform them about the IPO, which would value the company on paper at more than $3 billion. As part of the IPO strategy, Blue Apron executives needed to communicate a strong financial picture while providing potential investors with an honest assessment of investor demand, especially for institutional investors, who typically are repeat buyers when it comes to IPOs. According to sources close to the IPO experience, Blue Apron’s bankers told investors late in the IPO pricing process that they were “closing their order books early,” which meant there was a heightened demand for the stock—a signal that the stock would be priced in the original $15–$17 range. A day later, however, Blue Apron amended its prospectus with a price range between $10 and $11 a share, which shocked potential investors—a move greeted with criticism that Blue Apron’s messaging now lacked credibility in the eyes of the investment community if the company priced the IPO $5 lower per share than originally estimated. With that sudden change in the IPO offering, investors walked away, and the $10 initial offering for Blue Apron stock actually declined on its first day of trading. As of this writing, the stock has lost close to 40 percent from the original $10-per-share price. With continued consolidation in the meal-kit delivery sector inevitable, Blue Apron is at a crossroads when it comes to generating revenue and stabilizing costs while trying to sign up more subscribers. One of its competitors, Plated, was recently acquired by the Alberstons grocery chain, and Amazon has already trademarked the phrase, “We do the prep. You be the chef,” as it relates to prepared food kits. Critical Thinking Questions What issues should executives of a company such as Blue Apron consider before deciding to go public? In your opinion, was the company ready for an IPO? Why or why not? How else could Blue Apron have raised funds to continue to grow? Compare the risks of raising private funding to going public. Use a search engine and a site such as Yahoo! Finance to learn about Blue Apron’s current Prepare a brief summary, including the company’s current financial situation. Is it still a public company, and how has its stock fared? Would you invest in it? Explain your reasoning.

1)

A report says that 82% of British Columbians over the age of 25 are high school graduates. A survey of randomly selected British Columbians included 1290 who were over the age of 25, and 1135 of them were high school graduates. Does the city’s survey result provide sufficient evidence to contradict the reported value, 82%?

Part i) What is the parameter of interest?

A. The proportion of all British Columbians (aged above 25) who are high school graduates.
B. Whether a British Columbian is a high school graduate.
C. All British Columbians aged above 25.
D. The proportion of 1290 British Columbians (aged above 25) who are high school graduates.

Part ii) Let pp be the population proportion of British Columbians aged above 25 who are high school graduates. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

A. Null: p=0.88p=0.88. Alternative: p≠0.88p≠0.88.
B. Null: p=0.82p=0.82. Alternative: p=0.88p=0.88.
C. Null: p=0.82p=0.82. Alternative: p>0.82p>0.82.
D. Null: p=0.88p=0.88. Alternative: p>0.88p>0.88.
E. Null: p=0.82p=0.82. Alternative: p≠0.82p≠0.82 .
F. Null: p=0.88p=0.88. Alternative: p≠0.82p≠0.82.

Part iii) The PP-value is less than 0.0001. Using all the information available to you, which of the following is/are correct? (check all that apply)

A. The reported value 82% must be false.
B. Assuming the reported value 82% is correct, it is nearly impossible that in a random sample of 1290 British Columbians aged above 25, 1135 or more are high school graduates.
C. The observed proportion of British Columbians who are high school graduates is unusually high if the reported value 82% is correct.
D. The observed proportion of British Columbians who are high school graduates is unusually low if the reported value 82% is correct.
E. The observed proportion of British Columbians who are high school graduates is unusually high if the reported value 82% is incorrect.
F. The observed proportion of British Columbians who are high school graduates is unusually low if the reported value 82% is incorrect.
G. Assuming the reported value 82% is incorrect, it is nearly impossible that in a random sample of 1290 British Columbians aged above 25, 1135 or more are high school graduates.

Part iv) What is an appropriate conclusion for the hypothesis test at the 5% significance level?

A. There is sufficient evidence to contradict the reported value 82%.
B. There is insufficient evidence to contradict the reported value 82%.
C. There is a 5% probability that the reported value 82% is true.
D. Both A. and C.
E. Both B. and C.

Part v) Which of the following scenarios describe the Type II error of the test?

A. The data suggest that reported value is correct when in fact the value is incorrect.
B. The data suggest that reported value is correct when in fact the value is correct.
C. The data suggest that reported value is incorrect when in fact the value is correct.
D. The data suggest that reported value is incorrect when in fact the value is incorrect.

Part vi) Based on the result of the hypothesis test, which of the following types of errors are we in a position of committing?

A. Type I error only.
B. Type II error only.
C. Both Type I and Type II errors.
D. Neither Type I nor Type II errors.

2)

(1 point) McBeans magazine recently published a news article about caffeine consumption in universities that claims that 80% of people at universities drink coffee regularly. Moonbucks, a popular coffee chain, is interested in opening a new store on UBC campus. After reading McBeans' article, they will consider opening a store in UBC if more than 80% of the people in UBC drink coffee regularly. A random sample of people from UBC was taken, and it was found that 680 out of 810 survey participants considered themselves as regular coffee drinkers. Does Moonbucks' survey result provide sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC?

Part i) What is the parameter of interest?

A. Whether a person at UBC drinks coffee regularly.
B. The proportion of all people at UBC that drink coffee regularly.
C. The proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly out of the 810 surveyed.
D. All people at UBC that drinks coffee regularly.

Part ii) Let pp be the population proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

A. Null: p=0.84p=0.84. Alternative: p≠0.84p≠0.84.
B. Null: p=0.84p=0.84. Alternative: p>0.80p>0.80.
C. Null: p=0.80p=0.80. Alternative: p>0.80p>0.80 .
D. Null: p=0.84p=0.84. Alternative: p>0.84p>0.84.
E. Null: p=0.80p=0.80. Alternative: p=0.84p=0.84.
F. Null: p=0.80p=0.80. Alternative: p≠0.80p≠0.80.

Part iii) The PP-value is found to be about 0.0025. Using all the information available to you, which of the following is/are correct? (check all that apply)

A. The observed proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly is unusually low if the reported value 80% is correct.
B. Assuming the reported value 80% is incorrect, there is a 0.0025 probability that in a random sample of 810, at least 680 of the people at UBC regularly drink coffee
C. Assuming the reported value 80% is correct, there is a 0.0025 probability that in a random sample of 810, at least 680 of the people at UBC regularly drink coffee.
D. The observed proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly is unusually low if the reported value 80% is incorrect.
E. The observed proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly is unusually high if the reported value 80% is correct.
F. The observed proportion of people at UBC that drink coffee regularly is unusually high if the reported value 80% is incorrect.
G. The reported value 80% must be false.

Part iv) What is an appropriate conclusion for the hypothesis test at the 5% significance level?

A. There is sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC.
B. There is insufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC.
C. There is a 5% probability that the reported value 80% is true.
D. Both A. and C.
E. Both B. and C.

Part v) Which of the following scenarios describe the Type II error of the test?

A. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC when in fact the true proportion of UBC people who drink coffee regularly exceeds the reported value 80%.
B. The data provide sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC when in fact the true proportion of UBC people who drink coffee regularly is equal to the reported value 80%.
C. The data provide sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC when in fact the true proportion of UBC people who drink coffee regularly exceeds the reported value 80%.
D. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to support opening a store at UBC when in fact the true proportion of UBC people who drink coffee regularly is equal to the reported value 80%.

Part vi) Based on the result of the hypothesis test, which of the following types of errors are we in a position of committing?

A. Type II error only.
B. Both Type I and Type II errors.
C. Type I error only.
D. Neither Type I nor Type II errors.

3)Suppose some researchers wanted to test the hypothesis that living in the country is better for your lungs than living in a city. To eliminate the possible variation due to genetic differences, suppose they located five pairs of identical twins with one member of each twin living in the country, the other in a city. For each person, suppose they measured the percentage of inhaled tracer particles remaining in the lungs after one hour: the higher the percentage, the less healthy the lungs. Suppose they found that for four of the five twin pairs the one living in the country had healthier lungs.Is the alternative hypothesis one-sided or two-sided?one-sided
one-sided or two-sided
two-sided
none of these answersHere are the probabilities for the number of heads in five tosses of a fair coin:

Compute the p-value and state your conclusion.p-value = 0.15625 + 0.03125 = 0.1875 and we have little evidence that individuals living in the country have healthier lungs than those individuals living in cities.
p-value = 0.03125 and we have little evidence that individuals living in the country have healthier lungs than those individuals living in cities.
p-value = 0.15625 and we have little evidence that individuals living in the country have healthier lungs than those individuals living in cities.
p-value = 0.15625 - 0.03125 = 0.125 and we have little evidence that individuals living in the country have healthier lungs than those individuals living in cities.

Prospective drivers who enrol in Smart Driver Driving School have always been taught by a conventional teaching method. The driving school has many branches across provinces. Last year, among all students that took driving lessons from the school in a certain province, 80% passed the provincial road test. This year, the teaching committee came up with a new teaching method. The committee randomly assigned half of its 2400 students enrolled this year to receive the conventional teaching method and the remaining half to receive the new teaching method. In a random sample of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method, 79% passed the road test.

Part i) To test if the passing rate has decreased from last year for students who received the conventional teaching method, what will be the null hypothesis?

A. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.79.
B. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.
C. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.
D. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.
E. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.79.
F. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.

Part ii) For the test mentioned in the previous part, what will be the alternative hypothesis?

A. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.79.
B. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.
C. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.79.
D. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year equals 0.80.
E. The proportion of 100 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.
F. The proportion of 1200 students who received the conventional teaching method and subsequently passed the road test this year is lower than 0.80.

Part iii) What is the approximate null model for the sample proportion of the conventional teaching group who passed the road test?

A. ?(0.80, √0.8⋅0.21/200)
B. ?(0.80, √0.8⋅0.2/100)
C. ?(0.79, √0.79⋅0.21/100)
D. ?(0.79, √0.8⋅0.2/100)
E. ?(0.80, √0.79⋅0.21/100)
F. ?(0.79, √0.79⋅0.21/1200)

Part iv) Compute the P-value: (your answer must be expressed as a proportion and rounded to 4 decimal places.)

Part v) What is an appropriate conclusion for the hypothesis test at the 2% significance level?

A. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is significantly lower than last year.
B. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is not significantly lower than last year.
C. The passing rate for students taught using the conventional method this year is the same as last year.

Mini Case study: Alliance Formation, Both Globally and Locally, in the Global Automobile Industry The academic literature on alliances has some interesting recent findings, one of which is the rationale that because firms are often located in the same country, and often in the same region of the country, it is easier for them to collaborate on major projects. As such, they compete globally, but may cooperate locally. Historically, firms have learned to collaborate by establishing strategic alliances and froming cooperative strategies when there is intensive competition. This interesting paradox is due to several reasons. FIrst, when there is intense rivalry, it is difficult to maintain market power. As such, using a cooperative strategy can reduce market power through better norms of competition; this pertains to the idea of "mutual forbearance:. Another rationale that has emerged is based on the resource-based view of the firm. To compete, firms often need resources that they dont have but may be found in other firms in or outside of the local firms home industry. As such, these completementary resources are another rationale for why large firms form joint ventures and strateic alliances whithin the same industry or in vertically related industries. Beacuse firms are co located and have similar needs, its easir for them to jointly work together, for example, to produce engines and transmiisions as part of the powertrain. This is evident in the European alliance between Peugeot-Citroen and Open-Vauxhall. It is also the reason for a recent US alliance between For and General Motors in developing upgraded nine and ten speed transmiisons. Furthermore, Ford and GM are looking to develop, together, eleven and twelve speed automatic transmissions to improve fuel efficiency and help the firms meet new federal guidelines regarding such efficiency. In regard to resouce complementarity, a very successful alliance was fromed in 1999 by French based Renault and Japan based Nissan. Each of these firms lacked the neccessary size to develop economies of scale and economies of scope that were critical to succeed in the 1990s and beyond in the global automobile industyr. When the alliance was formed, each firm took an ownership stake in the other. THe larger of the two companies Renault holds a 43.3 percent stake in Nissan, while Nissan has a 15 percent stake in Renault. It is interesting to note that Carlos Ghosn serves as the CEO of both companies. Over time, this corpoorate level synergistic allaince has developed three values to guide the relationship between the two firms: 1. trust )work fairly, impartially, and profesionall) 2. respect (honor commitments, liabilites, and responsibilites) 3. transparency (be open, frank, and clear) Largely due to these established principes, the Renalut Nissan alliance is a recognized success. One could argue that the main reason for the success of this alliance is the complementary assets that the firms bring to the alliance; Nissan is strong in Asia, while Renault is strong in Europe. Together they have eben able to establish other production locations, such as those in Latin America, whihc they may not have obtained independently. Some firms enter alliances because they are squeezed in the middle; that is they have moderate volumes, mostly for the mass market, but need to collaborate to testablish viable encomies of scale. For exmaple, fiat- chrysler needs to boost its annual sales from 4.3 billion to something like $6 billion, and likewise needs to strengthen its presence in the booming Asian market to have enough global market power. As such, it is entering joint ventures with two undersized Japanese carmakers, Mazda and Suzuki. HOwever, the past history of Mazda and Suzuki with alliance may be a reason for thier not being overly enthusiastic about the prospects of the current alliances. Fiat broke up with GM, Chrysler with aimler, and Mazda with Ford. This is also the situation in Europe locally for Peugeot Citron of France, which is struggling for survival along with the GM European subsidiary, Open-Vauxhall, More specifically, Peugeot Citroen and Opel Vauhall have struck a tentative agreement to share platforms and engines to get the capital necessary for investment in future models. As such, in all these examples, the firms need additional market share,but also enough capital to make the investment necessary to realize more market power to compete. In summary, there are a number of rationales why competitiors no tonly compete but also cooperate in establishing strategic alliances and joint ventures in order to meet strategic needs for increased market power, take advatnges of complemnetary assets and cooperate with close neighbor, often in the same region of a country. 1. How can the resource-based view of the firm help us understand why firms develop and use cooperative strategies such as strategic allainces and joint ventures? 2. What is the relationship between the core competencies a firm possesses, the core competencies the firm feels it needs, and decisions to form cooperative strategies? 3. What does it mean to say that the partners of an alliance have complementary assets? What complemenarty assets do Renault and Nissan share? 4. What are the risks associated with the corporate level strategic alliance between Renault and Nissan? What have these firms done to mitigate these risks? 5. Is it possible that some of the firms mentioned in this Mini case (eg Renault, Nissan, Mazda, Peugot Citroen, Opel Vauxhall) might form a network cooperative strategy? If so, what conditions mihgt influence a decision by these firms to form this particular type of strategy?

You are planning to save for your retirement in 35 years and the college tuition for your two children. Your current monthly salary is $9,000 per month and you expect your salary to keep pace with inflation. You expect inflation to be a 3.5 percent EAR for the rest of your life. You plan to deposit 12 percent of your salary each month into a retirement account. Additionally, your employer will deposit 4 percent of your salary into the account. You expect to earn a 10.8 nominal nominal EAR in your retirement savings account until retirement. Your children will begin college 15 years and 17 years from now. The university that you plan for your children to attend has started a new legacy program where for a minimal donation today, the school will guarantee that the tuition for your first child will be $130,000 and the tuition for your second child will be $135,000. Each of these tuition payments will be made when your child starts college and will cover the entire four years of tuition. If you can earn an 8.7 percent EAR after you retire, how much can you withdraw each month in real terms for the 25 years of your retirement?

In 2010, an online security firm estimated that 65% of computer users don't change their passwords very often. Because this estimate may be outdated, suppose that you want to carry out a new survey to estimate the proportion of students at your school who do not change their password. You would like to determine the sample size required to estimate this proportion with a margin of error of 0.05.

(a)

Using 0.65 as a preliminary estimate, what is the required sample size if you want to estimate this proportion with a margin of error of 0.05? (Round your answer up to the nearest integer.)

(b)

How does the sample size in part (a) compare to the sample size that would result from using the conservative value of 0.5? (Round your answer up to the nearest integer.)

The sample size in part (a) [[is smaller than]] the sample size of ___??___computed using the conservative estimate.

(c)

What sample size would you recommend? Justify your answer. (Round your sample size up to the nearest integer.)

The sample size of __??___  should be used for this study because it will guarantee a margin of error of no greater than 0.05. The other sample size computed will only guarantee a margin of error no greater than 0.05 if p > __??__ or if p < __??__