according to Thomas Hobbes' Ethical Egoism, if we were to imagine ourselves living in a State of Nature, without government, then common standards of good, evil, and justice would be precarious, and always subject to defection by individuals who gave in to the passions for gain, pride, or revenge. As such, the common standard for good and evil would appear to be a social matter that could be secured only by an organized society that is complex enough to have a government formed by a Social Contract. Hobbes' views have enjoyed a long and lasting influence on the fields of philosophy, sociology, political science, and beyond (and are still commonly encountered within the theories of classically trained economists and political scientists today), but my question for you is simply, do you agree with Hobbes about all of this? In particular, do you find his metaphysical description of human beings living in the State of Nature ultimately convincing? Or might his characterization of human beings, as little more than selfish and competitive individuals concerned primarily with their own self-interest, tend in some way to distort a proper understanding of ourselves or fail to fully capture the actual experience of what it's really like to be a human being? If the latter should turn out to be true, then one implication of this would seem to be that, Hobbes' long revered and well respected portrayal of human beings as existing in a State of Nature (or as always just one step away from spiraling back into one, were it not for the saving graces of the Social Contract currently in place), is perhaps nothing more than a deeply-seated myth, passed down through the tradition, that perpetuates the apparent necessity and need for a Social Contract. If all this were true, then what explanation might you give for why such a myth has been able to take hold and persist for so long? And just whose interests might such a myth tacitly be serving in the end?

Question 2 – Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts

Tivoli Labs produces a drug used for the treatment of hypertension. The drug is produced in batches. Chemicals costing $60,000 are mixed and heated, creating a reaction; a unique separation process then extracts the drug from the mixture. A batch yields a total of 2,500 gallons of the chemicals. The first 2,000 gallons are sold for human use while the last 500 gallons, which contain impurities, are sold to veterinarians.

The costs of mixing, heating, and extracting the drug amount to $90,000 per batch. The output sold for human use is pasteurized at a total cost of $120,000 and is sold for $585 per gallon. The product sold to veterinarians is irradiated at a cost of $10 per gallon and is sold for $410 per gallon.

In March, Tivoli, which had no opening inventory, processed one batch of chemicals. It sold 1,700 gallons of product for human use and 300 gallons of the veterinarian product. Tivoli uses the net realizable value method for allocating joint production costs.

Required:

1.   How much in joint costs does Tivoli allocate to each product?

2.   Compute the cost of ending inventory for each of Tivoli’s products.

3.   If Tivoli were to use the constant gross-margin percentage NRV method instead, how would it allocate its joint costs?

4.   Calculate the gross margin on the sale of the product for human use in March under the constant gross-margin percentage NRV method.

5.   Suppose that the separation process also yields 300 pints of a toxic byproduct. Tivoli currently pays a hauling company $5,000 to dispose of this byproduct. Tivoli is contacted by a firm interested in purchasing a modified form of this byproduct for a total price of $6,000. Tivoli estimates that it will cost about $30 per pint to do the required modification. Should Tivoli accept the offer?

Question 1 (0.5 point) Which of the following statements is true?

• Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during catabolism.

• Anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is generally absorbed during anabolism.

• Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones.Energy is generally released during catabolism.

• Anabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones.Energy is generally released during anabolism.

Question 2 (0.5 point) In metabolic pathways, the interconversion of _____________and __________is the most important process for the storage and release of energy.

• triacylglycerols and ATP

• ATP and ADP

• ADP and dipeptides

• dipeptides and enzymes

Question 3 (0.5 point) Which of the following statements is true?

• Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP.

• Energy is released when ADP is hydrolyzed to form ATP.

• Energy is absorbed when ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP

. • Energy is absorbed when ADP is hydrolyzed to form ATP.

Question 4 (0.5 point) Which of the following statements is true?

• An oxidizing agent causes an oxidation reaction to occur, so the oxidizing agent is oxidized.

• An oxidizing agent causes a reduction reaction to occur, so the oxidizing agent is oxidized.

• An oxidizing agent causes a reduction reaction to occur, so the oxidizing agent is reduced

• An oxidizing agent causes an oxidation reaction to occur, so the oxidizing agent is reduced.

Question 5 (0.5 point) Which of the following statements is true?

• NAD+ serves as an oxidizing agent, and in the process is reduced to form NADH.

• NAD+ serves as an oxidizing agent, and in the process is oxidized to form NADH.

• NAD+ serves as a reducing agent, and in the process is reduced to form NADH.

• NAD+ serves as a reducing agent, and in the process is oxidized to form NADH.

Question 6 (0.5 point) How many stages are used in describing the pathways of catabolism?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Question 7 (0.5 point) Most of the energy generated during the breakdown of biomolecules [from your food] is produced during Stage .

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Question 8 (0.5 point) What are the names of the two parts of Stage 4?

• Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport

• Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Oxidative Phosphorylation and Glycolysis

• Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

Question 9 (0.5 point) Oxygen is required during Stage 4.

• True

• False

Question 10 (0.5 point) The energy generated during metabolism is released in ______ portions as the result of _______ reactions.

• small; many

• small; a few

• large; many

• large; a few

Purpose

        The clear understanding of energy transformations (Cellular Respiration) by cells explains how cells can release energy from nutrient molecules like carbohydrates and others. Completing this assignment will assist you in developing clarity of how cells function energetically on the planet. These principles of Cellular Respiration will help clarify the Course Content Learning Outcomes numbered 2 (Understand the basic principles and ideas of chemistry and organic chemistry) and 4 (Able to explain the concept of a cell and describe the functions of its parts) for this course. You will also understand the Campus Wide Outcome of Critical Thinking (See page 3 (Critical Thinking) of the syllabus).

Task

        Armed with a textbook (Chapter 7), the Cellular Respiration Power Point presentation, or other reliable sources answer the following questions about Cellular Respiration. Be creative in how you approach and answer each question. Read the source and then write your answer in your own words so that it becomes your answer. Remember in science there are no “correct” answers but rather explanations of phenomena. This assignment will be due??? (Exact date will be given in class).

Criteria

       The possible points for each question are in parenthesis after the question number. A complete answer to each question will involve being cognizant of the principles of the processes of Cellular Respiration and explaining how the process relate to energy release and how they relate to each other in terms of energy release. Clear answers will have cellular parts labeled clearly with descriptions and definitions that are clear, concise, and will contain enough detail that anyone reading your answer could potentially draw the same conclusions that you have by answering the questions.

1. (8) Describe the steps of the three major events of Glycolysis: Investment, Splitting, and Harvest to include how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid and producing ATP.
2. (6) Describe the steps of the Transport Step of pyruvic acid between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Enzymes.
3. (8) Describe the steps of the two major divisions of the Krebs cycle: Destroying and Re-arranging to include in your answer how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of acetic acid and producing ATP.
4. (8) Describe the Electron Transport Chain, system, or shuttle (ETC) in five steps or less and showing the major players which run this system to produce ATP.
5. (4) Describe Figure 7.11 in the textbook or why is having a complete balanced diet as it applies to your eating habits, attempts to lose or gain weight, or maintaining a healthy life style.

Part II ---- Suspicious Minds

Your direct microscopic observation of microorganisms in the soil samples has sparked your boss’s interest. He is eager to determine what type of microorganism(s) is present: eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Gram-positive or Gram-negative, or maybe even something new, never before seen on Earth. He sends a sample of the soil

off to a biochemistry laboratory for direct analysis.

You are equally interested in the nature of the microbes, but instead of directly analyzing the soil, you first isolate a pure culture of a microorganism that you demonstrate has the ability to degrade polyurethane. You

send a sample of this pure culture to the same biochemistry laboratory for analysis.

Later, you receive the results of the analysis of your boss’s sample and your pure sample

“I’m not sure what’s wrong with your sample, but my results prove that we are dealing with a new kind of life form here….I’m calling it the preuk-aryote” because it has components characteristic of both prokaryotes

and eukaryotes. It’s time for a press conference!” boasts your boss.

Later on, as you are getting ready to head home after a long day in the lab, you hear your boss bellow, “What

the H-E-double hockey sticks is going on here!”

You ask him what happened.

“This morning I put a few thousand cells from your pure culture of Extraterrestrial PolyUrethane-Degrading Microbe (EPTUM) onto two slides in some water, but then I had to go to that press conference, and I didn’t have enough time to look at the cells carefully except to notice that they were uniformly distributed under the coverslip. I didn’t want the slides to dry out so I sealed the edges of the coverslips. On this slide I used a rubber gasket to make the seal, and on this slide I used a Lycra gasket. Now look at the cell distribution! On the rubber-sealed slide, the cells are still uniformly distributed, but on the Lycra-sealed slide all the cells have congregated around the edge of the coverslip. Look….they are all over at the edges; none are left in the middle part of the slide. Could somebody have come in here and moved all those EPTUM cells over to the edges? But who? Maybe someone small with really tiny tweezers. Did you see anyone like that lurking around this scope? Nah….I need to get a grip on reality. No tweezers could be that small.”

Questions

3.  What technique is used to isolate a pure bacterial culture?

4. If your goal is to characterize the ETPUM, whose results are more informative: yours or your boss’s?  

    Why? Does its biological composition most closely resemble that of a prokaryote or a eukaryote? Gram-

    positive or Gram-negative? Do you agree with your boss’s conclusion that the ETPUM is a prokaryotic-

    eukaryotic hybrid? Why or why not?

5. Come up with at least two possible alternative explanations for the “amazing” redistribution of the

    ETPUM on the Lycra-sealed slide. Both of your explanations should consider how the microbes “sensed”

    the presence of polyurethane. One of your answers should not involve flagella.

Part III----All Shook Up

You have found media that support growth of pure cultures of EPTUM in your laboratory. The recipes for these media are shown below:

Growth in these media:

You are excited because, in Medium #2, ETPUM utilizes polyurethane as its energy source and its sole source of carbon and nitrogen, a finding that raises the possibility that ETPUM could be a useful tool for bioremediation of polyurethane-containing wastes (in landfills, etc.). You have also made some progress in characterizing the central metabolic pathways and related  biochemical activities of ETPUM. In particular you have discovered that:

• ETPUM secretes an enzyme (polyurethanase) that catalyzes degradation of polyurethane, generating citric acid (citrate) as a product.
• The cytoplasmic membrane of ETPUM contains an ABC transport system capable of transporting citrate across the membrane at the expense of 4 ATP molecules (hydrolyzed to form ADP and phosphate) per molecule of citrate transported.
• The cytoplasm of this organism contains all of the enzymes required for glycolysis, and for the TCA cycle.
• The cytoplasmic membrane of ETPUM contains proteins that form a functional electron-transport pathway (that uses O₂ as the terminal electron acceptor)

Questions

6. Which medium would you consider to be “complex” and which “defined”?  Which is “rich” and which is

     “minimal”?  Explain your answers.

7. Given that polyurethane is a huge polymer (MW>>100,000 Daltons). Why is it important that the

    polyurethanase is a secreted enzyme? If we assume that the polyurethane is the source of energy for the

    organism, how can material (carbon atoms) from it find its way into the central metabolic pathways of this

    microbe? What is the “entry point”? What happens after its entry into the metabolic pathway?

8. Why does growth of EPTUM in Medium #2 require oxygen? Think about this in terms of how EPTUM

    can generate a net gain of in ATP processing polyurethane. Remember that the degradation of

    polyurethane by polyurethanase does not expend ATP. In order to answer this question, address each of

    the following questions in your answer:

    a. Is there a net gain or loss of ATP during the transport of citrate?

    b. Consider the ATPs that can be generated via substrate-level phosphorylation. Will glycolysis be useful  

        for generating any ATPs during growth on polyurethane? How many ATPs can be generated via TCA

        (i.e via substrate level phosphorylation)? Is this enough to support growth (is there a net positive in the

        ATP tally)?

    c. Now consider how else ETPUM can generate ATPs (if not by substrate-level-phosphorylation). Can

        this process generate a net positive in the ATP tally

    d. Now explain the importance of oxygen as relates to the ATP tally.

In this program we are going to utilize multiple classes to demonstrate inheritance and polymorphism. We will be creating a base class for our game character. The base class will be LifeForm. We will have derived classes of Human, Dragon, and Unicorn.

LifeForm will have the following attributes:

• hitPoints – range 0 to 100
• strength – range 0 to 18

You will need to provide a default constructor that initializes these attributes as follows:

• strength – 15
• hitPoints – 100

You will need to provide a getter and setter for each of these variables. When the attribute has a range, the setter method should not allow a value outside that range. For example, if the setHitPoints(points) is called with points = -1, the attribute should NOT be changed. The variables should be private. Please provide a toString method which will return a String containing the values in these variables.

In your Human, Dragon and Unicorn classes you will need variables to hold the character name, weapon, and magic values. Values will be as follow:

You will need to provide getters and setters for each of these private variables. Again, they should not allow values not in the table. You also need to provide a constructor for all of the variables, both the ones in the derived class and the ones in the base class.

Please provide a toString method that returns the type of character, the name, the weapon, the magic amount and the values from base class, call the toString() from the base class.

Create a driver class that allows the user to create a random set of characters. These should be of type Human, Dragon and Unicorn. These should be stored in an ArrayList of LIfeForm.    You should prompt the user for entries and create three characters of each class type and store them in the ArrayList. Once you have added the three characters. Print the characters from the ArrayList using your toString methods.

Example output: (Italics indicate user input)

Enter Lifeform 1:

Enter Lifeform Type: human

Enter Lifeform Name: Jon Snow

Enter hit points: 10

Enter strength: 5

Enter weapon: sword

Enter magic: 25

Enter Lifeform 2:

Enter Lifeform Type: unicorn

Enter Lifeform Name: Sparkles

Enter hit points: 0

Enter strength: 18

Enter weapon: charm

Enter magic: 300

Enter Lifeform Type: dragon

Enter Lifeform Name: Smaug

Enter hit points: 0

Enter strength: 18

Enter weapon: ice

Enter magic: 99

The available life forms are: ↵

Lifeform [hitPoints=10, strength=5, type=human]Human [name=jon snow, weapon=sword, magic=25]↵

Lifeform [hitPoints=0, strength=18, type=unicorn]Unicorn [name=sparkles, weapon=charm,magic=300]↵

Lifeform [hitPoints=0, strength=18, type=dragon]Dragon [name=smaug, weapon=ice, magic=99]↵

Grading Criteria (total 100 points):

During the process of titrayion of antiacid made of calcium carbonate the first step is to add excess hydrochloric acid to antacid to observe bubbling which is forming of carbon dioxide CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) -------> CaCl2(aq) +CO2(g) + H2O (I) Because this carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid and increase the overall concentration of acids, removing carbon dioixde is an essential process for an accurate experiement A) you are given a 1.50g antiacid tablet made of calcium carbonate and some filter materials. If you found that 0.015 moles of HCl is used exactly to titrate calcium carbonate instead of excess hydrochloric acid how many grams of CaCO3 you had in your tablet? B) What percentage of the sample give to you is CaCO3?

TRUE/FALSE.

1. In a repressible operon transcription is normally turned off.

2) A Monoybrid cross involves one gene and two or more different alleles.

3) Crossing over during meiosis occurs in the Metaphase II stage.

4) In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are separated in time and space.

5) Crossing over takes place in meiosis and is responsible for recombination.

6) Natural selection can lead to a decrease in genetic variation both within and between populations.

7) The pyrimidine bases in nucleic acids are adenine and guanine.

8) The poly(A) tails on mRNA molecules are transcribed from DNA templates.

9) Exons are degraded in the nucleus. 10) Most DNA binding motifs, such as leucine zippers, and Zinc fingers, have the binding the major groove of DNA. site in

1. How do you confirm the presence of O2 gas in an experiment? 2. NH4Cl + what base gives NH3. Balance the equation 3. What test detects Na+ ion present in a compound 4. CO2 is colorless and odorless like O2 and H2. 5. How do you confirm the presence CO2 in a reaction ? 6. How could you detect the presence of Cl- ion? 7. How could you detect the presence of SO4 ion? 8. What are the reactions of Acids and Bases on the Litmus paper? 9. Complete and Balance NaCl + AgNO3 -- 10. Why should distilled water be used when conducting chemical tests 11. Assume you had a mixture of solid Na2CO3 and NaCl. How do you confirm the presence of carbonate and Chloride ions in the mixture ?

1) Match the terms with their correct definitions.
___ Organization

___ Manager

___ Managing

___ Management process

___ Human resource management

a) Someone who is responsible for accomplishing the organization’s goals

b) Consists of people with assigned roles who work together to achieve goals

c) The five basic functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling

d) To perform five basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling

e) Acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating employees

2-Match the terms with their correct definitions.
___ Planning
___ Organizing
___ Staffing
___ Leading
___ Controlling
a) Getting others to get the job done, and motivating subordinates
b) Selecting employees, and setting performance standards
c) Giving each subordinate a specific task; establishing departments
d) Establishing goals and standards, and developing rules and procedures e) Setting standards, and taking corrective action as needed

3- Which is NOT what a manager should know about? a) Marital status and near-future vacation plans
b) Equal opportunity and affirmative action
c) Employee health and safety
d) Handling grievances and labor relations

4- Does Human Resource Management help improve profits and performance? why if yes ?

5- Should human resource management be involved in ethics? Why?