Solvency and Profitability Trend Analysis

Addai Company has provided the following comparative information:

You have been asked to evaluate the historical performance of the company over the last five years.

Selected industry ratios have remained relatively steady at the following levels for the last five years:

Required:

1. Determine the following for the years 20Y4 through 20Y8. Round to one decimal place:

a. Return on total assets:

b. Return on stockholders’ equity:

c. Times interest earned:

d. Ratio of liabilities to stockholders' equity:

2. Refer to the selected industry ratios provided above.

Both the rate earned on total assets and the rate earned on stockholders' equity have been moving in a positive  direction in the last five years. Both measures have moved above  the industry average over the last two years. The cause of this change is driven by a rapid increase  in earnings.

1. Solvency and Profitability Trend Analysis

   Addai Company has provided the following comparative information:

   	20Y8		20Y7		20Y6		20Y5		20Y4
   Net income	$1,309,100		$1,128,500		$948,300		$810,500		$686,900
   Interest expense	445,100		406,300		350,900		267,500		212,900
   Income tax expense	418,912		315,980		265,524		210,730		164,856
   Total assets (ending balance)	8,780,394		9,304,142		6,683,358		6,992,432		5,302,595
   Total stockholders' equity (ending balance)	2,750,166		3,352,864		2,138,620		2,687,334		1,612,400
   Average total assets	9,042,268		7,993,750		6,837,895		5,827,027		4,971,271
   Average stockholders' equity	3,051,515		2,745,742		2,412,977		2,149,867		1,892,287

   You have been asked to evaluate the historical performance of the company over the last five years.

   Selected industry ratios have remained relatively steady at the following levels for the last five years:

   	20Y4―20Y8
   Return on total assets	19.1%
   Return on stockholders’ equity	39.7%
   Times interest earned	4.6
   Ratio of liabilities to stockholders' equity	2.1

   Required:

   1. Determine the following for the years 20Y4 through 20Y8. Round to one decimal place:

   a. Return on total assets:

   20Y8	%
   20Y7	%
   20Y6	%
   20Y5	%
   20Y4	%

   b. Return on stockholders’ equity:

   20Y8	%
   20Y7	%
   20Y6	%
   20Y5	%
   20Y4	%

   c. Times interest earned:

   20Y8
   20Y7
   20Y6
   20Y5
   20Y4

   d. Ratio of liabilities to stockholders' equity:

   20Y8
   20Y7
   20Y6
   20Y5
   20Y4

   2. Refer to the selected industry ratios provided above.

   Both the rate earned on total assets and the rate earned on stockholders' equity have been moving in a   direction in the last five years. Both measures have moved   the industry average over the last two years. The cause of this change is driven by a rapid   in earnings.

Addai Company has provided the following comparative information:

You have been asked to evaluate the historical performance of the company over the last five years.

Selected industry ratios have remained relatively steady at the following levels for the last five years:

Required:

1. Determine the following for the years 20Y4 through 20Y8. Round to one decimal place:

a. Return on total assets:

b. Return on stockholders’ equity:

c. Times interest earned:

d. Ratio of liabilities to stockholders' equity:

2. Refer to the selected industry ratios provided above.

Both the rate earned on total assets and the rate earned on stockholders' equity have been moving in a positive direction in the last five years. Both measures have moved above  the industry average over the last two years. The cause of this change is driven by a rapid increase  in earnings.

Read the case study entitled ‘PremiumSoft: Managing creative people’ at the end of this assignment and answer all the questions below:

Question 1

Examine and identify any problems found in the current staff hiring and retention practices adopted by PremiumSoft. What would you propose to tackle the problems identified, particularly in a context of company expansion?

Question 2

Critically examine the approaches to organisation and job design used in PremiumSoft’s software product development. Would you recommend making any changes to the existing design? Justify your answers.

Question 3

Ken Lin, the co-founder of PremiumSoft, said that ‘we provide a relaxed culture and learning culture.’ Critically evaluate the learning and development practices implemented in the company. How could the practices be improved?

PREMIUMSOFT: MANAGING CREATIVE 0PEOPLE

“These are all clever people and we don Y want them to feel that they are being held back. ”—Ken Lin, co-founder, PremiumSoft

PremiumSoft was a player in the Structured Query Language (SQL) software market for 10 years. Regularly rated number one in database.com ratings in the database category, PremiumSoft’s database programs were downloaded over 45,000 times per week. In 2010, with a revenue of over HK$10 million, it had over 2,000,000 database users and 50,000 registered customers in 138 countries worldwide. These customers ranged from individual users, small businesses, enterprises, non-profit and community organisations, to over 100 Fortune 500 companies including FedEx, Apple, Boeing, Hewlett-Packard and General Electric. With few competitors in the marketplace (only one major competitor in the Windows environment and no significant competitors in the Mac environment), PremiumSoft was dominant in its market. PremiumSoft was staffed by 24 employees.

PremiumSoft’s continued success depended on its ability to continuously evolve its successful product lines through research and development. Key to this process were its creative people: Ken Lin, PremiumSoft’s co-founder, believed that they were the company’s most important asset. In the decade since PremiumSoft’s establishment, Lin had created a team-centric, informal work environment that promoted creativity and innovation, This included a mix of formal and informal controls when dealing with recruiting, retention, roles and responsibilities. In 2010, Lin and his co-founder Roy Choi were looking to grow PremiumSoft through the development of new software. Lin realised that this additional product line would require an expansion of his staff by 25%.

How can Lin manage the growing human resources needs of PremiumSoft—recruiting and retaining the right people and maintaining the proper levels of quality, production and creativity—while expanding their staff?   

Company Background

PremiumSoft was founded in 1999 by Lin and Choi as a web design company. Lin started his career as a computer programmer for a large bank but found the job “too boring and not creative”. He had to spend months reading a user manual before he was able to begin programming, and frustrated with the prospect of an inefficient use of his time for a year-long contract and with only being able to complete a small project, he approached his friend Roy about launching an independent web design business. Lin and Choi quickly found the web design market to be too competitive and the profit margin to be too slim. The web design business, however, provided Lin with the initial capital to turn PremiumSoft into a software development company without having to rely on borrowing and external investors.

PremiumSoft developed products that accelerated the development of applications and facilitated the management of databases. These software products aimed to “enhance productivity” and “maximize the results”^[1] of their customers. The company had two main software solutions: Navicat and NaviCoder.

PremiumSoft launched its database tool, Navicat, in 2001. Navicat was built as a tool to manage and administer multiple databases across different operating systems using a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI automated and simplified programming tasks that were previously done by hand, allowing users to “create, organize, access and share information in a secure and easy way”.^[2] Users ranged from individuals managing a website to system administratrators and programmers managing tens of millions of pieces of data in multiple databases.

In October 2009, PremiumSoft launched its second product, NaviCoder, which was a powerful Integrated Development Environment for Windows. It was a professional source code editor for PHP, HTML, C/C++, Perl and Java; this program targeted individuals who worked in various programming environments, supporting multiple programming languages and script files.

PremiumSoft was awarded a number of accolades,^[3] and Navicat was recognised as the “Most Popular MySQL front end GUI”.^[4]

In 2010, PremiumSoft continued to work towards updating its popular NaviCoder and Navicat software, but was also on the cusp of expanding its product line to include a webware development team, and was changing its marketing and sales model.

“Our uniqueness is that our product is one software that can support different database software; we will be supporting more databases—this is where we can see the growth [of our company]. ”—Ken Lin, co-founder, PremiumSoft

Company Structure

In 2010, PremiumSoft employed 24 staff, divided into three departments: software development, marketing, and customer service (Exhibit 1). The software development department, composed of 13 staff, was further divided into three smaller work teams composed of junior and senior programmers and lead by a supervisor. Supervisors had high autonomy in managing their teams and were responsible for project management as well as team member evaluation. Programmers worked independently to build both major software features (which would take up to six months) and minor software features (with an expected development time of one month). The customer service and marketing teams, with nine staff in total, were led by one supervisor. These teams were responsible for front-line relationships with potential customers and current users, as well as market research and development of marketing material to promote the software products.

Lin was the director of software development and oversaw the software development department. His role included discussing and setting strategic goals with supervisors, solving problems, and identifying key features to be modified or developed by programmers. He also managed the larger strategic direction and management of the company. He did not do any programming. Lin spent 80% of his time on product development (managing development on both new and existing products) and 20% on management tasks (dealing with partners, human resources matters, etc). Choi had the role of finance and marketing director. He managed the customer service and marketing departments and was also responsible for the financial management of the company.

Knowledge Management Tools

PremiumSoft implemented what they termed “knowledge management” tools. Lin described the interdepartmental collaboration on knowledge management: “[the] customer service department will help the development team to record down [customer] feedback; we have a centralized database to record this kind of feedback ... an internal system for knowledge management ... [D]uring meetings we will follow up on the case ... this can give us targets on how to improve our product.”

These centralised databases (wikis) were set up across the marketing, customer service and programming teams. The customer service team collected information from clients through a web-based survey (approximately 10 surveys per month), feedback from users who had uninstalled the software, one-on-one relationships with customers, the PremiumSoft Lacebook page (with over 200 fans), Twitter, and a live online help chat. The team posted the up-to-date feedback from customers on the wiki, and the software development teams would use this information as the basis for their continued product development. The software development team also used the wiki to record discussions about features that were being developed and the outcomes of problem-solving meetings. Milestones were clearly listed to allow employees to monitor their own progress and the progress of others. Specific questions from customers were posted: developers could see the problems in the products or features they were responsible for and would solve them. Solutions were also recorded so that when similar issues appeared, employees had access to previous outcomes. PremiumSoft also built software that allowed them to track and analyse sales growth, generate sales reports and allowed them to compare month- to-month sales figures using different parameters.

While directors at PremiumSoft had integrated a number of management control mechanisms, they were also wary of the additional work load that would result from reporting or process requirements. Lin was concerned that too many controls would detract from their focus on innovation and development as was the experience of a friend: “she said the paper work [in her job] was terrible. Now most of the time she is stuck filling out forms and writing reports, she has no time to do her work. We don’t want our staff to be left in a situation like this.”

Company Communication

PremiumSoft prioritised the development of innovative, timely, relevant software for its customers by establishing feedback loops with its customers that drove product development:

“We have a dedicated R&D Team helping us to remain competitive in the products we release. We also run a trained customer support team devoted to communicate regularly with our customers and continually gather feedback to make our products better. Whether a suggestion comes in through the Support Center, via our partners, or by some other means, our development team knows how to turn customer requirements into winning products that address real business needs. ”

—www.navicat.com

To manage this product development, the leadership at PremiumSoft focused on developing strategic milestones and product portfolio plans. Quarterly meetings were set up, during which directors met with staff to discuss their goals, the feature improvements they wanted and the required output for the next quarter: products were mapped as much as one and a half years in advance. Weekly meetings were held to discuss ongoing feature improvement ideas. These ideas were driven by the constant stream of customer feedback or research on competitors’ features, and Lin and the programming teams decided which features would be appropriate and beneficial to develop. Lin noted that “we have regular meetings because every day many customers they will give us feedback and we will get the feedback and decide whether we will provide features for these customers and we will summarize what kind of features we will include in our product.” Afterwards, the team met without Lin to discuss the technical issues involved with development.

Individuals on work teams would then spend several months working on features towards a product launch date of one year from the start of work, a point Lin stated was important: “Timeline is critical when launching a new product ... we have to finish [products] within one year because we are worried about competitors.” Lin pointed out that frequent feature updates were important due to the nature of the product cycles of the databases that PremiumSoft’s products support. “In order to attract customers to buy upgrades or continue using our product, we have to provide a major release once every year. Basically, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, MS SQL, SQLite, [database software supported by PremiumSoft] vendors frequently release new versions. Their database users always hope Navicat will be able to help them to manage the latest version of the database. We also wanted to develop features that would speed up the user’s daily operations.” In addition to major product releases every year, PremiumSoft would have minor releases several times a year to provide fixes for minor bugs in the program. Employees worked independently on their product development tasks without direct involvement from the senior staff: Lin emphasised that “these are all clever people and we don’t want them to feel that they are being held back.” PremiumSoft relied on the creativity and innovation of its staff to drive its product development.

The leadership at PremiumSoft had set up a number of avenues for communication to support the independent work of the staff. Supervisors held regular meetings with employees to deal with any programming obstacles. Employees were also given the opportunity to speak directly with the directors to discuss emerging problems that might delay the release, or new features that they thought would be valuable additions. This communication was bottom-up driven directors would not “get in their way” by forcing programmers to report on their progress or bypass the supervisors to interfere directly.

Company Culture

Lin prioritised making PremiumSoft’s work environment one that cultivated innovation and loyalty from its young employees: “Because we are doing research and development, coming to our office is just like when they went to university.” Lin noted that “the company culture is relaxed, we make sure everybody is concentrating on the task and we will be able to finish on time and our job is to provide to them the best circumstance in order for [them] to carry out the task efficiently and effectively.” These young employees—the average age of PremiumSoft’s staff was 26 or 27 years old—were supported through daily communication and mentoring. PremiumSoft prioritised establishing a high level of trust and belonging between its team members across all levels and departments.

Lin challenged his employees to work at a high level by displaying his confidence in their abilities and providing them with positive feedback from customers:

“I will let them know after each new version our sales are improving, and show them positive customer feedback. From this they will understand if they trust me and finish new features, even if they are difficult, sales and growth will come. For example, Stanford University requested 60 licences to use in their classroom ... I shared this news to the team and we were all proud. This is how I try to motivate them—I show them that the company is growing. ”—Ken Lin, co-founder, PremiumSoft

Lin was aware that this culture brought an advantage to his company: “I hear that it is different from other IT companies ... in our office we don’t have pressure, we give you a time frame and we will not monitor you every day.”

Strategic Human Resources

“The software development team is the most important, because software is a creative product. If the developer sits the whole day and doesn ’t do anything, or he works very hard, but the throughput is very poor it will affect your business ... [the software developers] will try to get something from our company and we also want to use their talent to make a creative product for all our customers. It is a mutual benefit for the two parties. ”

—Ken Lin, co-founder, PremiumSoft

PremiumSoft believed that its biggest asset was its people. Because its business was centred on the timely development of software with innovative features, it depended on individuals who possessed both the creativity to develop new features and the skill and discipline to do so efficiently and under tight schedules. Recruiting and retaining high quality staff was always a priority of the leadership of the organisation, however they did not have a human resources department or a systematic approach towards their human resource management. Lin noted that “To hire the best people is our biggest challenge.”

Recruitment

The majority of PremiumSoft employees started with the company as recent university graduates. To recruit staff, advertisements were placed on online recruitment websites.

PremiumSoft would receive, on average, 100 applicants per job posting. They preferred candidates with a computer science degree (14 out of 15 software development staff were computer science graduates), a final year project in a related subject, proficiency in the programming languages uesd in PremiumSoft products, and graduation with a high academic standing. It was also preferred that they were a graduate of one of three particular universities in Hong Kong with the reputation of having the best computer science programs. Students who fulfilled these criteria were interviewed: normally, only 20% of applicants had sufficiently high grades to warrant an interview. Through in-person interviews, a director and supervisor assessed candidates’ communication skills and ability to fit into the culture of the organisation. Lin noted that “we look for the people who are friendly and also willing to communicate because we divide our company into different teams and team communication is very important.” PremiumSoft did not hire people they considered to be shy. The final decision on hiring was “just by our feeling, not a systematic approach”.

Retention of Valuable Staff

PremiumSoft’s employee retention strategy revolved around two main factors: offering competitive compensation to their staff and maintaining a desirable work environment. According to Lin, PremiumSoft offered “a competitive salary package”. In addition, PremiumSoft provided an automatic one month bonus after one year of employment. Promotions in the form of salary increases were normally granted after two years of service by programmers as a method to retain staff, but due to the small size and scope of the organisation, roles and responsibilities rarely changed.

PremiumSoft’s working environment included flexible working hours (employees could start their day between 9:30 and 10:00 and could leave between 6:30 and 7:00 depending on when they started), long lunch breaks, Xbox and virtual tennis games, and social activities outside of the workplace. “Programming can be stressful and depressing from time to time and we want our employees to have something to ease their feelings.”

PremiumSoft also differentiated itself from other IT companies in Hong Kong with its human resources policies; Lin noted “In Hong Kong the working pressure is very high so we try to give freedom and not be very strict.” PremiumSoft did not make unpaid overtime work a requirement (a norm in Hong Kong), gave employees independence in their time management and emphasised team building. He was critical of a restrictive work environment: “Personally, I don’t think that it is very good for staff, because the staff spend most of their time working in the office. Maybe the time is longer than the time they spend at home.” Lin would often eat lunch with his employees and participated in all of the activities. He felt that it built trust and said, “We are like a family.”

According to Lin, PremiumSoft had an extremely low turnover rate: less than 10% over 5 years. “There is one supervisor who has been in the company for 10 years, since its establishment.” He attributed this retention to the work environment at PremiumSoft: “We provide a relaxed culture and learning culture. Staff are happy and they feel both challenged and fulfilled.”

Staff Evaluation and Compensation

PremiumSoft did not have a formal evaluation system in place. Lin attributed this to the small size of the company and the knowledge if its founders: “We have no [formal] performance evaluations—we have no experience, no knowledge and we did not study this.”

PremiumSoft had informal evaluations of its employees. These evaluations did not take place at regularly scheduled intervals, with the exception of a three-month probation period for all newly hired staff. Supervisors played a major role in assessing the performance of their group members. Lin noted that “supervisors knew the performance of individuals more than anybody else in Premiumsoft, for me, all I can see is whether the team has successfully accomplished their assignment. Yes, as we are still a small business and headcounts are limited, I do get some information about individual performance from daily communication and observation. But performance is about the quality of the task rather than the time a person [is] spending working in [the] office.” Supervisors would speak with employees if they fell behind schedule or if the quality of their work was low, as evidenced by a large number of bugs found in their software. Lin would also speak to employees who were underperforming: “I try to talk to them in person and I give [them] some guidance on how to improve, for example you have to speak out in the meeting and you have to give more ideas, because this is research and development.”

Lin’s evaluations of supervisors were not systematic: “We always communicate and T will give them suggestions and advice on how to manage the team better. In my point of view they have done the job. [My evaluation is] by observation only.”

According to Lin, innovation—demonstrated by an employee’s ability to provide new ideas and problem solve—and intelligence—demonstrated by the creativity of ideas and the speed and efficiency at which he functioned—were highly valued at PremiumSoft. With the absence of a formal evaluation and compensation system, employees were not rewarded for exhibiting these qualities above and beyond their peers.

“I give no different rewards for him—there is currently no system. My concern is that if I only provide the best to him, it will cause other employees to see it as an issue. I treat all [employees] the same. In person, I will give him positive feedback. His salary is almost the same. ”—Ken Lin, co-founder, PremiumSoft

Lin believed that the lack of differentiation was not a problem, and that his employees were very happy. Lin believed that employees could not easily compare their performance because their work was independent and different.

He recognised that if the discrepancy of performance was high, and the other employees were perceived as “very lazy” while still receiving the same compensation that individuals may want to leave but said “we won’t let this happen—we will also encourage other employees to be better, so the difference is not very obvious.”

When the difference was obvious, and individuals were falling behind in their schedules as the result of a bad work ethic, PremiumSoft showed little tolerance: “For some staff we have had discipline issues; we will give them a warning and then a warning letter.” Lin noted that after issuing a warning letter to two employees who were chatting excessively, they stated that they felt the workplace “was not suitable” for them and left the company. One employee was let go after she disobeyed company rules for personal communication during work hours: “She spent half [her] day on MSN. We are only concerned if you play like this for half day, it is not acceptable. If you just send one message it is ok.”

Challenges for the Future

PremiumSoft was an award-winning software company with thousands of users around the world. It had achieved 10 years of success through the regular release of innovative products and had built a small and loyal team of software development, marketing and customer service employees. Looking forward, co-founder Lin believed his biggest challenge was in the growth of the company: recruiting and retaining high quality staff. He wanted to do this without sacrificing the independent work environment that he felt was important for cultivating creativity and innovation, but wanted to maintain the high quality of work that emerged. With the imminent growth of PremiumSoft in both employee size and product scope, how can this small company attract and keep the best talent in a competitive environment? And how can Lin continue to manage this environment with a growing number of staff?

Your employer wants its employees to be more healthy, and has decided to implement a Get Fit program. The company will pay the cost of each employee to get a doctor's clearance for their participation in the program. Participation will require each employee to fill out a complete health history, including family history of any major illnesses that might put the employee at risk. The company then will have a certified nurse review the histories with company HR staff, and the HR staff will then meet with each employee to develop a Get Fit plan, including diet and exercise. Employees who refuse to participate, or who do not meet their Get Fit goals, will pay an extra 25% of their health insurance premium costs.

Is the employer's plan legal? What federal law might prohibit such a program? (Hint: You might benefit from looking at  wellness plans offered by employers).

1. A company has employed two workers A and B whose productivities are 20 units and 15 units respectively. The wage for A is K12 whilst B’s is K8. Are these two employees optimally employed?                                                                                              [5 Marks]
2. The average total cost of producing a tomato unit and the average variable cost are K2 and K1 respectively. Further, price is K10 and the firm operates in a competitive market.

1. Calculate the fixed and total costs of producing 1000 units of tomatoes. [4 Marks]
2. Calculate the profit the firm makes from selling 1000 tomatoes.              [2 Marks]
3. What is will happen in the market as a result of your answer in (ii)?           [5 Marks]

3. Briefly describe the condition associated with optimization of utility of an individual. [4 Marks]
4. Show (Derive) the mathematical relationship between marginal revenue and elasticity. [5 Marks]
5. A firm operating under a monopoly faces the following demand and cost functions: P=170 - 5Q and TC = 40 + 50Q + 5Q².

1. What’s the profit maximizing quantity and price?                                       [4 Marks]
2. What is the price elasticity of demand at the profit maximizing level?      [3 Marks]
3. Explain the strategy must the firm adopt to increase its revenue.                 [3 Marks]

6. Graphically show the relationship that exists between total revenue and elasticity for a price decrease along the demand curve.                                                                         [5 Marks]
7. Explain what determines who bears the most burden of a tax.                                 [5 Marks]

McQueen is an engineering company that specializes in providing engineering facilities to businesses that cannot justify operating their own facilities in house. McQueen employs a number of engineers who are skilled in different engineering techniques that enable McQueen to provide a full range of engineering facilities to its customers. Most of the work undertaken by McQueen is unique to each of its customers, often requiring the manufacture of spare parts for its customers’ equipment, or the building of new equipment from customer drawings. As a result most of McQueen’s work is short-term, with some jobs being completed within hours while others may take a few days. To date, McQueen has adopted a cost plus approach to setting its prices. This is based upon an absorption costing system that uses machine hours as the basis of absorbing overhead costs into individual job costs. The Managing Director is concerned that, over recent months, McQueen has been unsuccessful when quoting for work with the consequence that there has been an increase in the level of unused capacity. It has been suggested that McQueen should adopt an alternative approach to its pricing based on marginal costing since “any price that exceeds variable costs is better than no work”.

With reference to the above scenario:

a) Briefly explain absorption and marginal cost approaches to pricing.

b) Discuss the validity of the comment “any price that exceeds variable costs is better

For an externality to exist who must receive benefits from childcare?  

Who will bear the burden of tax if the tax is collected from the supplies, if A. Supply is perfectly elastic? B. Supply is perfectly inelastic? C. Demand is perfectly elastic? D. Demand is perfectly inelastic?