1. You are trying to determine the structure of the primase complex that is ~300kD. What technique might you use? Why?

2. You want a molecular picture of the Cas9 in complex with its targeting RNA.This protein is 165kD. What technique would you use? Why?

3. A new type of bacteria has been discovered living in a volcanic crater. From genome studies of this bacteria, a it seems this bacteria seems to feed on iron and sulfur. A gene has been identified that seems to have some similarity to an iron-processing enzyme in endolithic bacteria. The gene is question has approximately 20% protein sequence identity with this known protein. How would you determine the structure of this new protein?

PK1 and PK2 are protein kinases involved in a phosphorylation cascade. If either protein is inactive due to a mutation the response is not observed. A different mutation causes PK1 to be permanently active. This activity induces a response even if PK2 is inactive. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the above information?

A. PK1 activates PK2

B. PK2 activates PK1

C. PK2 is a transcription factor

D. PK1 inhibits PK2

Ca²⁺ can act as a second messenger because it is _________.

A. produced by the enzyme calcium synthase

B. normally at a high level in the cytoplasm

C. normally at a low level in the cytoplasm

D. stored in the cytoplasm

(For each answer of the above questions explain reasoning and explanation for being the correct answer).

The following is correct regarding coenzymes:

The following is correct regarding oxidoreductase enzymes:

The blood glucose concentration is controlled by the liver. It removes glucose from the blood stream and stores it when the blood glucose concentration gets too high and it releases glucose to the blood stream when its concentration gets too low. Unlike HK II, it needs to be able to respond to a range of glucose concentrations. As a result, hexokinase activity in liver has a different concentration dependence profile compared to HK II in muscle—HK IV is NOT a Michaelis-Menten enzyme.

1. Given its role, how would you expect the rate vs. [glucose] plot to look for hexokinase in liver? Sketch it below. (Consider another protein that we discussed that has to respond to a range of different ligand concentrations) "

5. Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition of the gut that is triggered by ingestion of gluten in certain individuals. In people with celiac disease, gluten-specific Th1 cells are formed as well as antibodies to the self-antigen transglutaminase (an enzyme). The inflammatory cytokines produced by the Th1 cells and autoantibodies damage the intestine.

a. Explain how celiac disease differs from an “allergy,” by describing how the response to gluten in celiac disease differs from an allergic response to food allergens.

b. Gluten is present in our typical diets, and most of us consume gluten regularly. Based on the factors thought to contribute to development of autoimmune disease, what factor(s) do you think cause some people to develop Celiac disease, but not others?

5. 5pts) Gaucher’s Disease displays an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. Gaucher’s Disease is the result of the loss of an enzyme (encoded by the GBA gene) that catalyzes the breakdown of glucocerebroside. You have gathered data from a local population and estimate that approximately 7 in 1000 newborns are affected by Gaucher’s Disease. (Answer the following questions using 3 significant digits).

a. Assuming there are only two alleles, wildtype GBA and GBA^-, in the population, estimate the frequency of the two alleles.

b. You genotype a random sample of the population (n = 1000) and estimate that 800 are homozygous for the wildtype GBA allele and 193 are carriers. Is this population in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

3. Liquid Coffee Mate has many ingredients including corn syrup solids, vegetable oil, and sodium caseinate (a milk derivative). Classify each of these substances into the following categories of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins. Which substance(s) is/are responsible for the result you obtained with the biuret reagent?

4. Research the substance pepsin. What is it used for? If you were to test the enzyme amylase, what result would you expect with the biuret reagent? Why?

5. You enjoy the following snack one afternoon: a can of Pepsi, pretzels, and sliced apples with peanut butter. Would any of these four food items yield a positive result with biuret reagent? If so, which one(s) and why?

Lactase persistence in European and east African human populations evolved ____________________________________________ in the two lineages.

a. independently

b. a single time

c. due to genetic drift

d. at the same time as bipedalism

Suppose it is management's goal to reduce the number of employee grievances being filed in a unionized organization. Describe three things the human resource office can do to help meet this goal.

1) Where is salivary amylase normally found in the human body? What is the pH approximately in that location?

2) What are controls and why do you need controls?

Thank you