Question 1
2 pts
(TCO 1) Which of the following is not a necessary life function?

Nutrients

Maintaining boundaries

Responsiveness

Metabolism

Movement

Question 2
2 pts
(TCO 1) In describing the relationship of the thoracic and spinal cavities,

the thoracic cavity is ventral to the spinal cavity.

the thoracic cavity is inferior to the spinal cavity.

the thoracic cavity is superior to the spinal cavity.

the thoracic cavity is proximal to the spinal cavity.

the thoracic cavity is medial to the spinal cavity.

Question 3
2 pts
(TCO 1) The stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs are housed in the

dorsal cavity.

thoracic cavity.

abdominopelvic cavity.

spinal cavity.

cranial cavity.

Question 4
2 pts
(TCO 1) Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Sagittal

Dorsal

Transverse

Coronal

Ventral

Question 5
2 pts
(TCO 1) Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings (in humans)?

Distal and proximal

Posterior and intermediate

Medial and distal

Superficial and proximal

Medial and anterior

Question 6
2 pts
(TCO 1) A coronal section through the human body can

pass through both the nose and the occipital region.

pass through both ears.

provide mirror right and left images.

lie in a horizontal plane.

divide the right arm into a left side and a right side when the body is in the anatomical position.

Question 7
2 pts
(TCO 2) Ninety-six percent of the human body is composed of the elements

sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and sulfur.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron.

carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium.

carbon, calcium, sodium, and oxygen.

Question 8
2 pts
(TCO 2) When a pair of electrons is shared equally between two atoms, the bond formed is called a(n)

hydrogen bond.

carbon bond.

polar covalent bond.

ionic bond.

nonpolar covalent bond.

Question 9
2 pts
(TCO 2) Which of the following statements is correct regarding the electrical charge of subatomic particles?

Protons are negatively charged, electrons are positively charged, and neutrons are neutral.

Protons are negatively charged, electrons are neutral, and neutrons are negatively charged.

Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral.

Protons are neutral, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are positively charged.

Protons are positively charged, electrons are neutral, and neutrons are negatively charged.

Question 10
2 pts
(TCO 2) Glucose and starch are examples of

triglycerides.

proteins.

carbohydrates.

steroids.

phospholipids.

Question 11
2 pts
(TCO 2) Which of the following substances below is matched with its correct organic group?

DNA—lipids

Steroids—carbohydrates

Monosaccharides—nucleic acids

Glycerol—proteins

Enzymes—proteins

Question 12
2 pts
(TCO 2) Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

They are not reusable.

They are carbohydrates.

They are required in large amounts in order to be effective.

They are stable at high temperatures.

They are biological catalysts.

The regimen for subcutaneous heparin sodium injection consists of a minimum initial dose of 10,000 units, followed by a minimum dose of 15,000 units every 12 hours. Considering that there are 1000 units per milliliter and 10 milliliters per vial of heparin sodium solution, how many vials are needed for one 24-hour administration?

1. You are trying to determine the structure of the primase complex that is ~300kD. What technique might you use? Why?

2. You want a molecular picture of the Cas9 in complex with its targeting RNA.This protein is 165kD. What technique would you use? Why?

3. A new type of bacteria has been discovered living in a volcanic crater. From genome studies of this bacteria, a it seems this bacteria seems to feed on iron and sulfur. A gene has been identified that seems to have some similarity to an iron-processing enzyme in endolithic bacteria. The gene is question has approximately 20% protein sequence identity with this known protein. How would you determine the structure of this new protein?

PK1 and PK2 are protein kinases involved in a phosphorylation cascade. If either protein is inactive due to a mutation the response is not observed. A different mutation causes PK1 to be permanently active. This activity induces a response even if PK2 is inactive. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the above information?

A. PK1 activates PK2

B. PK2 activates PK1

C. PK2 is a transcription factor

D. PK1 inhibits PK2

Ca²⁺ can act as a second messenger because it is _________.

A. produced by the enzyme calcium synthase

B. normally at a high level in the cytoplasm

C. normally at a low level in the cytoplasm

D. stored in the cytoplasm

(For each answer of the above questions explain reasoning and explanation for being the correct answer).

The following is correct regarding coenzymes:

The following is correct regarding oxidoreductase enzymes:

The blood glucose concentration is controlled by the liver. It removes glucose from the blood stream and stores it when the blood glucose concentration gets too high and it releases glucose to the blood stream when its concentration gets too low. Unlike HK II, it needs to be able to respond to a range of glucose concentrations. As a result, hexokinase activity in liver has a different concentration dependence profile compared to HK II in muscle—HK IV is NOT a Michaelis-Menten enzyme.

1. Given its role, how would you expect the rate vs. [glucose] plot to look for hexokinase in liver? Sketch it below. (Consider another protein that we discussed that has to respond to a range of different ligand concentrations) "

5. Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition of the gut that is triggered by ingestion of gluten in certain individuals. In people with celiac disease, gluten-specific Th1 cells are formed as well as antibodies to the self-antigen transglutaminase (an enzyme). The inflammatory cytokines produced by the Th1 cells and autoantibodies damage the intestine.

a. Explain how celiac disease differs from an “allergy,” by describing how the response to gluten in celiac disease differs from an allergic response to food allergens.

b. Gluten is present in our typical diets, and most of us consume gluten regularly. Based on the factors thought to contribute to development of autoimmune disease, what factor(s) do you think cause some people to develop Celiac disease, but not others?

5. 5pts) Gaucher’s Disease displays an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. Gaucher’s Disease is the result of the loss of an enzyme (encoded by the GBA gene) that catalyzes the breakdown of glucocerebroside. You have gathered data from a local population and estimate that approximately 7 in 1000 newborns are affected by Gaucher’s Disease. (Answer the following questions using 3 significant digits).

a. Assuming there are only two alleles, wildtype GBA and GBA^-, in the population, estimate the frequency of the two alleles.

b. You genotype a random sample of the population (n = 1000) and estimate that 800 are homozygous for the wildtype GBA allele and 193 are carriers. Is this population in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

3. Liquid Coffee Mate has many ingredients including corn syrup solids, vegetable oil, and sodium caseinate (a milk derivative). Classify each of these substances into the following categories of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins. Which substance(s) is/are responsible for the result you obtained with the biuret reagent?

4. Research the substance pepsin. What is it used for? If you were to test the enzyme amylase, what result would you expect with the biuret reagent? Why?

5. You enjoy the following snack one afternoon: a can of Pepsi, pretzels, and sliced apples with peanut butter. Would any of these four food items yield a positive result with biuret reagent? If so, which one(s) and why?

Lactase persistence in European and east African human populations evolved ____________________________________________ in the two lineages.

a. independently

b. a single time

c. due to genetic drift

d. at the same time as bipedalism