Deducing a Reaction Mechanism for the Isomerization of Maleic acid to fumaric acid. I'm completing my organic chemistry lab report and answering questions and I have very confused and would appreciate any help and explanation please. I appreciate it.

Possible Mechanisms for the Isomerization.

1. Maleic acid is activiated by visible light, and then rearranges to form fumaric acid. In this mechanism, the pi-bond is momentarily broken, allowing for the free rotation to give the more stable trans isomer. The double bond then reforms.

2. The rearrangement of maleic acid to fumaric acid is accomplished by the thermal excitation of the molecule. In this mechanism, the pi-bond is broken by the application of heat. As described above, this would allow rotation to occur and form the more stable trans isomer.

3. A nudeophilic addition of a chloride ion to maleic acid again permits free rotation, followed by release of the Cl- ion to produce fumaric acid.

4. An electrophilic addition of a proton to maleic acid, followed by rotation and then deprotonation.

5. Water adds to maleic acid (under acid catalysis) to form laic acid. Malic acid then rotates to a new conformation and elimenates water to form fumaric acid.

6. The addition of a proton to maleic acid leads to the formation of a lactone (cyclic ester) which undergoes a ring opening reaction to yield malic acid. Malic acid is then dehydrated to give fumaric acid.

7. A proton adds to the carbonyl oxygen to give an intermediate with a number of resonance structures. One of these resonance structures can freely rotate and deprotonation to give fumaric acid.

8. A proton adds to the carbonyl oxygen, followed by an addtion of a chloride ion. The product of this 1,4 addition then undergoes a free rotation, and hydrochloric acid is eliminated to produce fumaric acid.

So, I understand that I can go through a process and eliminate the first 7 reaction mechanisms to chose the last one #8 is close to the true state of affairs.

But I am struggling answering these questions, if anyone can help and provide an explanation I'd greatly appreciate it.

Questions #1: 1. Is visible light solely responsible for the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid? Explain.

2. If the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid is a thermal effect, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

3. For mechanism 3 to be correct, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

4. For mechanism 4 to be correct, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

5. For mechanism 5 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

6. Which test might rule out mechanism 6 as a possibility?

7. For mechanism 7 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

8. For mechanism 8 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

Then these questions:

1. Does sulfuric acid, which ionizes to give a negatively charged sulfate ion, induce the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid? Explain.

Anybody answer this?

In 2019, Bill Jones drove 3,800 miles for medical reasons. He spent $500 for gas, $30 for oil, and $100 for tolls and parking. Using either actual expenses or standard mileage rate, what is the largest amount he can include for car expenses in his medical expenses on his tax return?

(If possible please explain. I thought the answer was 890, but apparently i'm wrong)

A manufacturer claims that the average mileage of his automobiles is at least 25mpg. In a previous study it was found that the standard deviation of the mileage of his automobiles is 3mpg. For a .05 level of significance, what sample size would be recommended if the researcher wants an 80% chance of detecting that is less than 25 miles per gallon when it is actually 24 (to the next whole number)?

A. 71

B. 95

C. 56

D. 28

What is an element’s Atomic number tell you?

Matter is mostly empty space.

Can electricity flow in an open circuit?

The unit of Power is Watts (say what!?). The unit of Energy is Joules usually denoted by a J.

What are the different ways that light interacts with matter?

What is the speed of light in miles per second?

Light is both a particle and a wave. Light is also massless (I forgot to say in class)!

An automobile manufacturer claims that its van has a 26.3 miles/gallon (MPG) rating. An independent testing firm has been contracted to test the MPG for this van since it is believed that the van has an incorrect manufacturer's MPG rating. After testing 250 vans, they found a mean MPG of 26.7. Assume the variance is known to be 6.76. A level of significance of 0.1 will be used. State the hypotheses.

Ho:

Ha:

*Using the mpg column in the mtcars data conduct a hypothesis test to see if the true mean miles per gallon of cars is greater than 22. Use an alpha level of .1*

Please make sure you solve in R-studio. Solving without giving me R-codes will not help me. It would also help if you write a brief explanation of what you did. Thanks in advance!

The file Sedans contains the overall miles per gallon (MPG) of 2013 midsized sedans:

38,26,30,26,25,27,22,27,39,24,24,26,25,23,25,26,31,26,37,22,29,25,33,21,21

Source: Data extracted from "ratings," Consumer Reports, April 2013, pp. 30-31.

A) Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population mean MPG of 2013 family sedans, assuming a normal distribution.

B) Interpret the interval constructed in (a).

C) Compare the results in (a) to those in Problem 8.20(a).

A water tower supplies water to a city through a pipe with 1 ft diameter. The pipe is 0.5 miles long and is made of commercial steel pipe. Over the years, the supply line lost head and engineers are considering the replacement of 94 percent of the pipe length with a larger diameter pipe (same type). The peak water demand is 3.53 ft3/sec. How much pressure head could be gained by this strategy?