19) When an extra base has been inserted (added) into a gene, the mutation is particularly harmful because all of the bases (and codons) after the insertion are wrong. This type of mutation is called A. silent B. nonsense C. frameshift D. aneuploidy

20) When a mutation leads to a substitution of a different amino acid within a protein, this is a _________________ mutation. A. nonsense B. missense C. silent D. deletion

21) Which of the following is true about evolution by natural selection? A. The goal of evolution is to arrive at humans. B. When evolution is complete, a perfect species exists C. Heritable traits aid in survival and reproduction. D. An individual organism can change its allelic frequencies within its lifetime.

Mulitple Choice please answer all 3 no need to go in Depth

One mole (mol) of glucose (molecular mass = 180 daltons) is.

If the pH of a certain soda drink is 2, what is the hydrogen ion concentration in that drink?

Which chemical group is most likely responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Please describe briefly what might happen to each of the following prokaryotes or eukaryotes under the described conditions:

1. An E. coli strain exposed to UV light and then placed in the dark as compared to the same strain left in natural light.

2.   An yeast strain exposed to UV light and then placed in the dark  as compared to the same strain left in natural light.

3. An E. coli strain with a mutation in a gene that codes for a DNA glycosylase and makes it nonfunctional.

4. A null mutation in E. coli in the gene that codes for the enzyme dam methylase which methlates the A residue of the GATC consensus.

5. A null mutation in the gene that codes for DNA methyl transferase in yeast.

SDS-PAGE separates proteins by:

Question 1 options:

Size

Structure

Viscosity

Function

Intercomplementarity occurs when the primer forms structure as a hairpin loop

Question 3 options:

True

False

Which component is not required in the first round of RT reaction?

Question 5 options:

reverse transcripatase enzyme

buffer

DNA polymarese

mRNA template

If you want to clone your PCR product your primer should have

Question 4 options:

A accidental genetic mutation in the lab mice has occurred and affects the glycogen degradation pathway. Dr. Wilson is studying this unexpected mutation and has taken samples of their livers. What he found was excessive glycogen storage but the glycogen structure was unusual. There was a lot of glycogen but size of each glycogen molecule was smaller and each chain end had 4 glucose units (alpha 1,4 bonds) and then a SINGLE glucose attached as a branch point (alpha 1,6 bond) to the 5th carbon from the end. Which enzyme in the glycogen degradation pathway is not working?

a.

1. In the blank provided for each biochemical test write a chemical equation that describes each test, circle the end product that is detected by the reagents added to the test, and state the color of a positive result.

Voges-Proskauer (5-4) ____________________________________

Methyl red (5-4) ____________________________________

Phenol Red Glucose (5-3) ____________________________________

Catalase Production (5-5) ____________________________________

Nitrate Reduction (5-7) ____________________________________

2. Match each enzyme or reagent with the appropriate biochemical test media, substrate or product by placing the correct letter in the blank provided.

Catalase________ A. NO3

Nitrate reductase________ B. H2O2

Citrate permease________ C. Carbohydrate

2,3 butanediol ______ D. Simmons Citrate

Phenol Red_______ E. MRVP

Consider a liver cell carrying out the oxidation of glucose under aerobic conditions. Suppose that we added a very potent and specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, completely inhibiting this enzyme. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the effect of this inhibitor is true or false; if false, please explain in detail why it is false.

(a) ATP production in the cell will quickly drop to zero.

(b) The rate of glucose consumption by this cell will decrease sharply.

(c) The rate of oxygen consumption will increase.

(d) The citric acid cycle will speed up to compensate.

(e) The cell will switch to fatty acid oxidation as an alternative to glucose oxidation, and the inhibitor will therefore have no effect on ATP production.

1. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been instrumental in our every-expanding pursuit of genomic knowledge. reverse transcriptase is an enzyme uses mRNA as a template and in the presence of dNTP's makes a compliments DNA (cDNA, still technically not a violation of the central dogma

A. if i engrafted all RNA's from a cell then purified the spliced and poly-adenylated mRNA, could i use reverse transcriptase and illumine sequencing. Explain your answer

B. If I wanted to compare this sample to another sample (say diseased vs normal) explain how indeces help with this process. Also explain this potential approach over qRT-PCr

Please answer A and B

1. The development of internal male reproductive structures such as the sperm ducts and prostate gland are an important role of___the primary androgen.

2. Observational studies have shown that___vitamin D is associated with a___risk of nonskeletal diseases. low; lower, high: greater, There is no link between vitamin D and nonskeletal diseases, orl ow; greater?

3. Lipids are nutrients required by the body in large quantities Therefore, lipids are called a _____.

4. A genetic mutation has altered the shape of an enzyme found within cells. The altered shape prevents the enzynge from functioning normally because a small, organic molecule called a(n) ____cannot bind to the enzymes . protein, vitamin carbohydrate, or mineral?