Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs weakly in the red (hence its red color) and strongly in the near infrared, whereas deoxygenated hemoglobin has the opposite absorption. This fact is used in a "pulse oximeter" to measure oxygen saturation in arterial blood. The device clips onto the end of a person's finger and has two light-emitting diodes—a red (632 nm) and an infrared (930 nm)—and a photocell that detects the amount of light transmitted through the finger at each wavelength.

(a) Determine the frequency of each of these light sources.

red Hz

infrared Hz

(b) If 66% of the energy of the red source is absorbed in the blood, by what factor does the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave change? Hint: The intensity of the wave is equal to the average power per unit area as given by I = Emax2 2μ0c = c 2μ0 Bmax2.

Consider a point charge +q. A) Sketch the electric field lines and equipotetial lines near the charge. B) Explain how to interpret these equipotential lines. In other words, what does electric potential mean in terms of work? C) Indicate the direction of increasing potential in your sketch. D) Consider one potential line in your sketch. How much work is required to move a charge anywhere along that line.

General speaking, department located near entrances, on major aisles, and on the main level of multilevel stores have the best profit-generating potential. What additional factors
help to determine the location of department? Give examples of each factor. Consider a situation in which you received poor customer service in a retail store or from a customer service provider. Did you make the store's management aware of your experience? Have you returned to this retailer? For each of these questions, explain why you did what you did.

Near the end of 2017, the management of Babalu Musical Instrument Co., a new merchandising company, prepared the following estimated balance sheet for December 31, 2017.

BABALU MUSICAL INSTRUMENT COMPANY Estimated Balance Sheet December 31, 2017
Assets			Liabilities and Equity
Cash		$36,000	Accounts payable	$365,000
Accounts receivable		520,000	Bank loan payable	15,000
Inventory		165,000	Taxes payable (due   3/15/2018)	91,000
Total current assets		721,000	Total liabilities		$471,000
Equipment	$538,000		Common stock	474,500
Less accumulated   depreciation	67,250	470,750	Retained earnings	246,250
			Total stockholders' equity		720,750
Total assets		$1,191,750	Total liabilities and equity		$1,191,750

To prepare a master budget for January, February, and March of 2018, management gathers the following information.

a.	Babalu Musical’s single product is purchased for $30 per unit and resold for $55 per unit. The expected inventory level of 5,500 units on December 31, 2017, is more than management’s desired level for 2018, which is 20% of the next month’s expected sales (in units). Expected sales are: January, 7,250 units; February, 8,750 units; March, 11,500 units; and April, 10,000 units.
b.	Cash sales and credit sales represent 25% and 75%, respectively, of total sales. Of the credit sales, 70% is collected in the first month after the month of sale and 30% in the second month after the month of sale. For the December 31, 2017, accounts receivable balance, $125,000 is collected in January and the remaining $395,000 is collected in February.
c.	Merchandise purchases are paid for as follows: 20% in the first month after the month of purchase and 80% in the second month after the month of purchase. For the December 31, 2017, accounts payable balance, $85,000 is paid in January and the remaining $280,000 is paid in February.
d.	Sales commissions equal to 20% of sales are paid each month. Sales salaries (excluding commissions) are $60,000 per year.
e.	General and administrative salaries are $144,000 per year. Maintenance expense equals $2,200 per month and is paid in cash.
f.	Equipment reported in the December 31, 2017, balance sheet was purchased in January 2017. It is being depreciated over eight years under the straight-line method with no salvage value. The following amounts for new equipment purchases are planned in the coming quarter: January, $34,000; February, $98,000; and March, $29,500. This equipment will be depreciated under the straight-line method over eight years with no salvage value. A full month’s depreciation is taken for the month in which equipment is purchased.
g.	The company plans to acquire land at the end of March at a cost of $145,000, which will be paid with cash on the last day of the month.
h.	Babalu Musical has a working arrangement with its bank to obtain additional loans as needed. The interest rate is 12% per year, and interest is paid at each month-end based on the beginning balance. Partial or full payments on these loans can be made on the last day of the month. The company has agreed to maintain a minimum ending cash balance of $27,588 in each month.
i.	The income tax rate for the company is 30%. Income taxes on the first quarter’s income will not be paid until April 15.

Requirements:

Prepare a master budget for each of the first three months of 2018; include the following component budgets (show supporting calculations as needed directly behind that budget, and round amounts to the nearest dollar):

1.) Monthly sales budgets (showing both budgeted unit sales and dollar sales).

2.) Monthly merchandise purchases budgets.

3.) Monthly selling expense budgets.

4.) Monthly general and administrative expense budgets.

5.) Monthly capital expenditures budgets.

6.) Monthly cash budgets.

7.) Budgeted income statement for the entire first quarter (not for each month).

8.) Budgeted balance sheet as of March 31, 2018

Near the end of 2017, the management of Babalu Musical Instrument Co., a new merchandising company, prepared the following estimated balance sheet for December 31, 2017.

BABALU MUSICAL INSTRUMENT COMPANY Estimated Balance Sheet December 31, 2017
Assets			Liabilities and Equity
Cash		$36,000	Accounts payable	$365,000
Accounts receivable		520,000	Bank loan payable	15,000
Inventory		165,000	Taxes payable (due   3/15/2018)	91,000
Total current assets		721,000	Total liabilities		$471,000
Equipment	$538,000		Common stock	474,500
Less accumulated   depreciation	67,250	470,750	Retained earnings	246,250
			Total stockholders' equity		720,750
Total assets		$1,191,750	Total liabilities and equity		$1,191,750

To prepare a master budget for January, February, and March of 2018, management gathers the following information.

a.	Babalu Musical’s single product is purchased for $30 per unit and resold for $55 per unit. The expected inventory level of 5,500 units on December 31, 2017, is more than management’s desired level for 2018, which is 20% of the next month’s expected sales (in units). Expected sales are: January, 7,250 units; February, 8,750 units; March, 11,500 units; and April, 10,000 units.
b.	Cash sales and credit sales represent 25% and 75%, respectively, of total sales. Of the credit sales, 70% is collected in the first month after the month of sale and 30% in the second month after the month of sale. For the December 31, 2017, accounts receivable balance, $125,000 is collected in January and the remaining $395,000 is collected in February.
c.	Merchandise purchases are paid for as follows: 20% in the first month after the month of purchase and 80% in the second month after the month of purchase. For the December 31, 2017, accounts payable balance, $85,000 is paid in January and the remaining $280,000 is paid in February.
d.	Sales commissions equal to 20% of sales are paid each month. Sales salaries (excluding commissions) are $60,000 per year.
e.	General and administrative salaries are $144,000 per year. Maintenance expense equals $2,200 per month and is paid in cash.
f.	Equipment reported in the December 31, 2017, balance sheet was purchased in January 2017. It is being depreciated over eight years under the straight-line method with no salvage value. The following amounts for new equipment purchases are planned in the coming quarter: January, $34,000; February, $98,000; and March, $29,500. This equipment will be depreciated under the straight-line method over eight years with no salvage value. A full month’s depreciation is taken for the month in which equipment is purchased.
g.	The company plans to acquire land at the end of March at a cost of $145,000, which will be paid with cash on the last day of the month.
h.	Babalu Musical has a working arrangement with its bank to obtain additional loans as needed. The interest rate is 12% per year, and interest is paid at each month-end based on the beginning balance. Partial or full payments on these loans can be made on the last day of the month. The company has agreed to maintain a minimum ending cash balance of $27,588 in each month.
i.	The income tax rate for the company is 30%. Income taxes on the first quarter’s income will not be paid until April 15.

Requirements:

Prepare a master budget for each of the first three months of 2018; include the following component budgets (show supporting calculations as needed directly behind that budget, and round amounts to the nearest dollar):

PLEASE EXPLAIN ALL CALCULATIONS

1.) Monthly cash budgets.

2.) Budgeted income statement for the entire first quarter (not for each month).

3.) Budgeted balance sheet as of March 31, 2018

McHuffter Condominiums, Inc., of Pensacola, Florida, recently purchased land near the Gulf of Mexico and is attempting to determine the size of the condominium development it should build. Three sizes of develop-ment are being considered; Small, d1; Medium, d2; and large, d3. At the same time, an uncertain economy makes it difficult to ascertain the demand for the new condominiums. McHuffter's management realizes that a large development followed by a low demand could be very costly to the company. However, if McHuffter makes a conservative small-development decision and then finds a high demand, the firm's profits will be lower than they might have been. With the three levels of demand-low, medium and high. McHuffter's management has prepared the following profit ($000). (20 pts.) payoff table ------------------------------------------- Demand Decision ---------------------------- Alternatives Low Medium High ------------------------------------------- Small, d1 400 400 400 Medium, d2 100 600 600 Large, d3 -300 300 900 -------------------------------------------- a) If nothing is known about the demand probabilities, what are the recommended decision using the Maximax(optimistic), Maximin (pessi- mistic), and Minimax regret approaches? b) If P(low) = 0.20, P(medium) = 0.35, and P(high) = 0.45, What is the recommended decision using the expected value approach? c) What is the expected value of perfect information (EVPI)? You have to use regret table to get EVPI. Suppose that before making a final decision, McHuffter is considering conducting a survey to help evaluate the demand for the new condominium development. The survey report is anticipated to indicate one of two levels of demand: weak(W) or strong(S). The relevant probabilities are as follows: (25 pts) P(W)= 0.3 P(low/W) = 0.50 P(low/S) = 0.10 P(S)= 0.7 P(medium/W)= 0.40 P(medium/S)= 0.25 P(high/W) = 0.10 P(high/S) = 0.65 BDSC 340.001-3 d) Construct a decision tree for this problem and analyze it. e) What is McHuffter’s optimal decision? f) What is the expected value of the survey(sample) information? McHuffter Condominiums, Inc., of Pensacola, Florida, recently purchased land near the Gulf of Mexico and is attempting to determine the size of the condominium development it should build. Three sizes of develop-ment are being considered; Small, d1; Medium, d2; and large, d3. At the same time, an uncertain economy makes it difficult to ascertain the demand for the new condominiums. McHuffter's management realizes that a large development followed by a low demand could be very costly to the company. However, if McHuffter makes a conservative small-development decision and then finds a high demand, the firm's profits will be lower than they might have been. With the three levels of demand-low, medium and high. McHuffter's management has prepared the following profit ($000). (20 pts.) payoff table ------------------------------------------- Demand Decision ---------------------------- Alternatives Low Medium High ------------------------------------------- Small, d1 400 400 400 Medium, d2 100 600 600 Large, d3 -300 300 900 -------------------------------------------- a) If nothing is known about the demand probabilities, what are the recommended decision using the Maximax(optimistic), Maximin (pessi- mistic), and Minimax regret approaches? b) If P(low) = 0.20, P(medium) = 0.35, and P(high) = 0.45, What is the recommended decision using the expected value approach? c) What is the expected value of perfect information (EVPI)? You have to use regret table to get EVPI. Suppose that before making a final decision, McHuffter is considering conducting a survey to help evaluate the demand for the new condominium development. The survey report is anticipated to indicate one of two levels of demand: weak(W) or strong(S). The relevant probabilities are as follows: (25 pts) P(W)= 0.3 P(low/W) = 0.50 P(low/S) = 0.10 P(S)= 0.7 P(medium/W)= 0.40 P(medium/S)= 0.25 P(high/W) = 0.10 P(high/S) = 0.65 BDSC 340.001-3 d) Construct a decision tree for this problem and analyze it. e) What is McHuffter’s optimal decision? f) What is the expected value of the survey(sample) information?

Groups of dolphins were observed off the coast of Iceland near Keflavik in 1998. The data in the file dolphin_dat on the course website give the time of the day and the main activity of the group, whether travelling quickly, feeding, or socializing. The dolphin groups varied in size. Usually feeding or socializing groups were larger than travelling groups.

Source of data: Marianne Rasmussen, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

Activity        Period  Groups
Travel  Morning  6
Feed    Morning 28
Social  Morning 38
Travel  Noon     6
Feed    Noon     4
Social  Noon     5
Travel  Afternoon       14
Feed    Afternoon        0
Social  Afternoon        9
Travel  Evening 13
Feed    Evening 56
Social  Evening 10

A) Find a 90% confidence interval for the difference between morning and evening for the proportion of dolphins feeding assuming that the data is a result of two simple random samples and that the samples for both time periods are independent of each other.

B) Does there appear to be a significant difference in the proportion of dolphins engaged in feeding between morning and evening? Conduct the appropriate test of significance and discuss your results.

Consider a farmer and a rancher who operate near one another. The farmer grows crops and the
rancher’s herd wanders and tramples the farmer’s crops. If the herd tramples the crops, it causes
$400 per week worth of damage to the farmer. The rancher could put a fence around the herd to
prevent damage to the crops, but the cost for the rancher to build and maintain the fence is $500
per week. The farmer could protect his crops with a fence around the crops at a cost of $300 per
week. Assume no transaction costs.

a. Suppose the farmer has the property rights, meaning the farmer has a legal claim if his
crops are destroyed. What would the rancher do? Would he build a fence around his herd,
would he let his herd wander and trample the crops, or is there something else he could
do?

b. Suppose the rancher has the property rights, meaning the farmer has no legal claim if his
crops are destroyed. What would the farmer do?

Now, for parts c. and d. , imagine the damage from the trampling costs are $200.

c. Suppose the farmer has the property rights. What does the rancher do?
d. Suppose the rancher has the property rights. What does the farmer do?
e. Define the Coase Theorem, and explain how your answers fit the Coase Theorem’s
predictions.

1. A recent news story (not really!) highlighted the near-drowning of a Navy Seal recruit that deliberately hyperventilated before diving into the water. The recruit was practicing an exercise that required them to hold their breath underwater for an extended period of time. The recruit reasoned that hyperventilation prior to the exercise would alter their physiology in a way that would increase the length of time they could hold their breath. Explain the physiological basis of this belief (use the terms hypocapnia and hypercapnia in your answer)

2. The digestive system and respiratory system share some structures, yet others must be kept separate to prevent choking. Describe how substances that are intended to be swallowed may get “misdirected” and lead to choking. Be sure to include all structures involved.

Consider an island nation located near the Bay of Bengal where the natural rate of unemployment is 7%. In 2012, the total population was 18 million with an adult population of 15 million. The major industries are agriculture, textile, and information technology, and although workers prefer full-time jobs, all industries have some combination of full-time and part-time jobs. Each full-time worker produces an average of $40,000 worth of output per year, while each part-time worker produces an average of $22,000 worth of output per year. In 2012, 1 million adults were unemployed while 9 million adults were employed, of which 1 million were underemployed. Over the following three years, beginning with 2013, the government implemented a set of policies that encouraged domestic and foreign direct investment in the major industries and started changes in the nation’s infrastructure, population and productivity. In 2015, the national census bureau determined that 200,000 of the people who were looking for work since 2012, got discouraged at some point and stopped looking for jobs. In addition, among those who were employed in 2012, 100,000 lost their full-time jobs and are still looking for employment, while 100,000 adults were forced to retire from their full-time position and are now working in part-time jobs. In 2015, the national census bureau also determined that the total population increased by 8%. During the 3-year period, the birth rate, the number of children entering the adult population, and the mortality rate, were such that the net change to the population resulted solely from legal migration. Among the migrants, 1.2 million adults entered the labor force and of these, 200,000 adults are still looking for work. Furthermore, among the employed migrants, 700,000 are underemployed.

What are the U – 3 and U – 6 unemployment rates in 2015?