During countercurrent multiplication, water is reabsorbed into the blood from the descending limb of the loop of Henle because

a. NaCl is transported out of the ascending limb

b. It is co-transported with Na+

c. Na+ is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule

d. Glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

e. Cl- is secreted into the distal convoluted tubule

2. A low salt (NaCl) diet is recommended for individuals with high blood pressure because

a. salt is the main cause of high blood pressure, so it needs to be consumed in low amounts.

b. extra Na+ in the diet causes blood vessels to stiffen which raises blood pressure over time

c. water follows Na+ and excess salt in the body will increase water retention and blood volume and thus, blood pressure

d. excess salt will force water into cells which may interrupt cell function or cause damage

e. excess salt will accumulate in blood vessels and block blood flow to tissues

3. To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidney will

a. Increase H+ reabsorption to the blood

b. Slow metabolic production of acids like CO2

c. Slow the production of bicarbonate by tubular epithelial cells

d. Inhibit reabsorption of bicarbonate to the blood

e. Secrete H+ to the filtrate to be excreted

4. Chemical buffers

a. Only buffer the intracellular fluid and urine.

b. Eliminate excess acids or bases from the body.

c. Induce hypoventilation in response to abnormal carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

d. Only buffer the extracellular fluid.

e. temporarily tie up carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions until the lungs or kidneys are able to expel them from the body.

All technological advances before 1800 simply increased the size of the human population.

Using the Malthusian model, explain why (a picture will generally be helpful).

Are corporations moral agents? Do they have moral responsibilities? Or in your view, do only human beings have moral agency and moral obligations?

Describe the function of the two counter-current mechanisms that operate in the human kidney.

Please cite references (400 words, references are not included in word count)

Describe the key features of nutritional factor causing diseases (hint: what do they actually do to human beings?) (in 30-50 words each)

. Discuss the mechanism Human Immunodeficency Virus (HIV) uses to infect cells, its life cycle, and ultimatley leads to diminishing the host’ immune system.

Discuss how corporations act as the duty bearer of human rights? Then give two (2) examples on how corporations put profit over people?