In order to reduce individual carbon footprints on the planet, one great way to recycle food material is to compost

plant, fruit and vegetable organic waste and use it as fertilizer for plants. Students at the local High School Biology

class investigated the effect of composted material on plant growth. Each lab group decided to compare the effect of

different-aged compost on wheat plants. The composition of nutrients in composted material is a key element to

proper fertilizing potential so each group hypothesized that older composted material would contain more nutrients and

would therefore produce taller wheat plants. Five flats of wheat plants (30 plants/flat) were grown for 5 weeks. The

plants were then fertilized as follows: (a) Flat A: 450 g of 1-month-old compost, (b) Flat B: 450 g of 2 month-old compost,

(c) Flat C: 450 g of 4 month-old compost, (d) Flat B: 450 g of 6 month-old compost and (e) Flat C: 0 g compost. The

plants received the same amount of sunlight and water each day. At the end of 5 weeks, the group recorded the

height of the plants (cm).

Write a hypothesis that would be appropriate for the experiment scenario.

What would be the independent variable in the experiment?

What would be the dependent variable in the experiment?

What steps did the group take to ensure that the experiment would be controlled?

A national laboratory has stated that they are responsible for a ceramic machining program that intends “to provide measurement methods, data, and mechanistic information needed by industry to develop innovative cost-effective methods for machining advanced structural ceramics.” Grinding with diamond wheels is the most prevalent method of machining advanced ceramics. This machining is highly complex and depends on many interdependent factors. The major elements of a grinding system are the grinding wheel, the grinding fluid, the machine tool, and the workpiece. Each of these is associated with several parameters that can influence the grinding process: such as, the type and size of the diamond grit, the properties of the grinding fluid, method of delivery of the grinding fluid, and grinder characteristics (e.g., stiffness and vibration).

A specific experiment is proposed to characterize the effects of grinding parameters on the flexural strength of ceramic “A.” The investigators are particularly interested in the effects of grinding speed, wheel diamond grit size, and “down feed rate” on the ceramic strength.

1. What is the goal of the lab with respect to machining ceramics and state an objective for the specific experiment
2. Give an experimental plan. Which factors are varied and the number of levels. How you might determine the values for the levels for each factor? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this plan?
3. Three other variables not described anywhere in this problem description that may not be simple to control? For each variable, what might be done to avoid confounding the experiment due to these variables?
4. The need for replications that is specific to this type of experiment?

12. Researchers are attempting to understand whether the floral nectar consumption by a particular hummingbird species conforms to the expectations of optimal foraging theory. Describe two experiments that could be performed to assess this.

One will be an observational experiment, where foraging is observed in the wild, throughout the year, without manipulation. Assume that cold temperature is the key environmental constraint that limits the birds’ abilities to be choosy (i.e. hint, look at the salmon experiment from our lecture). Also assume these birds choose among 3 different types of flowers/nectar that are available throughout their active season: A, B, and C. A has the highest amino acid content and C has the lowest. All have equal amounts of energy. A is the hardest to find, followed by B, and then C.

The other will be a manipulative experiment in which the search time is varied. In this one you create an arena with 2 types of artificial flower, each with different qualities of nectar (i.e. different amino acid content). The flowers differ in colors that the birds can distinguish, but are otherwise identical (i.e. the handling time is kept the same). You have to set things up so that the cost-to-benefit ratio of looking for the higher nutrition flower is changed across 2 treatments. Hint: think along the lines of the conveyor belt experiment.

Be sure to explicitly state your dependent and independent variables and to describe the results expected if the birds do indeed conform to the expectations of optimal foraging theory

Please explain the below incident by using each major theoretical perspective: functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interaction.

Please apply the Solomon Asche Experiment and the Stanley Milgrim experiment to current society as it relates to deviance and crime. Please be specific in your responses.

A young person between ages 23-32 years old walked into a neighborhood coffee shop and approached the ordering counter. The young man stated “Good morning, I need today’s WIFI password for access to the internet.” The coffee shop employee stated “I can provide you the code after making your purchase.” The young man stated “why do I need to purchase something? I’m only using the internet! You’re only saying this because I am ____________.” The worker told the young person to leave the premises but the young person refused to leave and demanded to speak with the store manager. After about 10 minutes the police showed up in the coffee shop and told the young man to leave the premises. The young man tried to explain the situation to the police and ended up being arrested for failing to comply to the police orders.

Please explain the above incident by using each major theoretical perspective: functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interaction.

Please apply the Solomon Asche Experiment and the Stanley Milgrim experiment to current society as it relates to deviance and crime. Please be specific in your responses.

Build a Date class and a main function to test it

Specifications
Below is the interface for the Date class: it is our "contract" with you: you have to implement everything it describes, and show us that it works with a test harness that puts it through its paces. The comments in the interface below should be sufficient for you to understand the project (use these comments in your Date declaration), without the need of any further documentation.

class Date
{
 private:
   unsigned day;
   unsigned month;
   string monthName;
   unsigned year;

 public:
   // creates the date January 1st, 2000.
   Date();


   /* parameterized constructor: month number, day, year 
       - e.g. (3, 1, 2010) will construct the date March 1st, 2010

       If any of the arguments are invalid (e.g. 15 for month or 32 for day)
       then the constructor will construct instead a valid Date as close
       as possible to the arguments provided - e.g. in above example,
       Date(15, 32, 2010), the Date would be corrected to Dec 31st, 2010.
       In case of such invalid input, the constructor will issue a console error message: 

       Invalid date values: Date corrected to 12/31/2010.
       (with a newline at the end).
   */
   Date(unsigned m, unsigned d, unsigned y);


   /* parameterized constructor: month name, day, year
 ­      - e.g. (December, 15, 2012) will construct the date December 15th, 2012

       If the constructor is unable to recognize the string argument as a valid month name,
       then it will issue a console error message: 

       Invalid month name: the Date was set to 1/1/2000.
       (with a newline at the end).

       If the day argument is invalid for the given month (but the month name was valid),
       then the constructor will handle this error in the same manner as the other
       parameterized constructor. 

       This constructor will recognize both "december" and "December"
       as month name.
   */
   Date(const string &mn, unsigned d, unsigned y);


   /* Outputs to the console (cout) a Date exactly in the format "3/1/2012". 
      Does not output a newline at the end.
   */
   void printNumeric() const;


   /* Outputs to the console (cout) a Date exactly in the format "March 1, 2012".
      The first letter of the month name is upper case, and the month name is
      printed in full - January, not Jan, jan, or january. 
      Does not output a newline at the end.
   */
   void printAlpha() const;

 private:

   /* Returns true if the year passed in is a leap year, otherwise returns false.
   */
   bool isLeap(unsigned y) const;


   /* Returns number of days allowed in a given month
      -  e.g. daysPerMonth(9, 2000) returns 30.
      Calculates February's days for leap and non-­leap years,
      thus, the reason year is also a parameter.
   */
   unsigned daysPerMonth(unsigned m, unsigned y) const;

   /* Returns the name of a given month
      - e.g. name(12) returns the string "December"
   */
   string name(unsigned m) const;

   /* Returns the number of a given named month
      - e.g. number("March") returns 3
   */
   unsigned number(const string &mn) const;
};

Private Member Functions

The functions declared private above, isLeap, daysPerMonth, name, number, are helper functions - member functions that will never be needed by a user of the class, and so do not belong to the public interface (which is why they are "private"). They are, however, needed by the interface functions (public member functions), which use them to test the validity of arguments and construct valid dates. For example, the constructor that passes in the month as a string will call the number function to assign a value to the unsigned member variable month.

isLeap: The rule for whether a year is a leap year is:

(year % 4 == 0) implies leap year

except (year % 100 == 0) implies NOT leap year

except (year % 400 == 0) implies leap year

So, for instance, year 2000 is a leap year, but 1900 is NOT a leap year. Years 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, etc. are all leap years. Years 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, etc. are NOT leap years.

Output Specifications

Read the specifications for the print function carefully. The only cout statements within your Date member functions should be:

1. the "Invalid Date" warnings in the constructors

2. in your two print functions

Required main function to be used:

Date getDate();

int main() {

   Date testDate;
   testDate = getDate();
   cout << endl;
   cout << "Numeric: ";
   testDate.printNumeric();
   cout << endl;
   cout << "Alpha:   ";
   testDate.printAlpha();
   cout << endl;

   return 0;
}

Date getDate() {
   int choice;
   unsigned monthNumber, day, year;
   string monthName;

   cout << "Which Date constructor? (Enter 1, 2, or 3)" << endl
      << "1 - Month Number" << endl
      << "2 - Month Name" << endl
      << "3 - default" << endl;
   cin >> choice;
   cout << endl;

   if (choice == 1) {
      cout << "month number? ";
      cin >> monthNumber;
      cout << endl;
      cout << "day? ";
      cin >> day;
      cout << endl;
      cout << "year? ";
      cin >> year;
      cout << endl;
      return Date(monthNumber, day, year);
   } else if (choice == 2) {
      cout << "month name? ";
      cin >> monthName;
      cout << endl;
      cout << "day? ";
      cin >> day;
      cout << endl;
      cout << "year? ";
      cin >> year;
      cout << endl;
      return Date(monthName, day, year);
   } else {
      return Date();
   }
}

The researcher from Scenario I decides to compare a second dose-effect curve with carboxycotton to determine if the novel opioid has the capacity to induce tolerance (i.e., a rightward shift in the dose-effect function; a larger dose is required to produce the same effect). The researcher takes the carboxycotton-treated mice from the first experiment (subjects 6-10 from above) and administers cumulative doses of carboxycotton. He then measures tail withdrawal latency as before. On the following day, he administers cumulative doses of carboxycotton again to determine if tolerance development occurred. The results of this experiment are presented in the table below.

1. Write the name of the specific statistical test that is appropriate for these data: ______________________

2. Perform the test you identified inquestion 7 above using the statistical software (e.g., GraphPad Prism, Excel, R) of your choice. Be sure to perform a two-tailed test. Please round all answers to two decimal places, where appropriate.

1. Report the mean of differences between dose-effect curves: _______________
2. Report the standard deviation of differences between dose-effect curves: __________________
3. Report the standard error of the mean of differences between dose-effect curves: __________________
4. Report the results of the statistical test in the spaces below:

                        t( ____) = _____, p = _______

3. Report the 95% confidence interval (LL,UL) for the difference between dose-effect curves:

______________________

4. Compare the results from the 95% confidence interval in question 9 with the results from the statistical test in question 8. Is there sufficient evidence to reject the H₀ and claim that that there is a potency difference between the first dose-effect curve and the second dose-effect curve in carboxycotton-treated mice?

Yes or No (circle one)

In order to dispose of chemical waste, a waste ticket must be filled out listing all chemical components as a percentage.

This requires the use of conversion factors to convert the concentration of compounds into a percentage and list them on the waste ticket. When filling out waste tickets, each chemical is listed as less than or equal to ( ≦) its percentage. Water, or whatever solvent is used, is listed as ≧ the remaining percentage.

Us the information below, along with the information given in the prior questions for making Reagents A & B for nitrate assays to correctly fill out the waste ticket below.

Reagent A, the N-(1- Naphtyl) ethylenediamine solution (NNED Solution) contains 1 g L ^-1 NNED, as described in an earlier question.

Reagent B, the  S ulfanilamide  Solution, contains 10 g L  Sulfanilamide , and has an  HCl   concentration of 2.4 M as described in an earlier question. The formula weight of    HCl    is 36.46 g mole^-1.

Every sample is 8 mL, and shaken for 5 minutes with 0.1 g of cadmium powder prior to being mixed with 1 mL of Sulfanilamide solution and 1 mL NNED Reagent.

For this experiment, 60 samples and 5 standards were processed. The cadmium powder is insufficient to change the volume of the sample. Assume the samples have a total nitrate concentration ≦ 0.01%.

Given the above information, complete the waste ticket below for the chemical waste from performing Nitrate Assays in this experiment.  

Remember to consider the reagents were diluted when they were mixed with the sample.

Remember to calculate percentages as mass in grams over total volume (650 mL).

Round all answers to TWO decimal place.

QUESTION 9

1. A 1,000-turn coil has a cross section of 7.0 cm ^ 2 and a length of 25 cm. Determine how much energy is stored in the coil's magnetic field when it has a current of 10.0 A.

a. 0.18 J

b. 0.36 J

c. 0.10 J

d. 28 J

e. 2.8 J

QUESTION 10

1. Determine which of the following types of waves is intrinsically different from the other four.

a. ultraviolet radiation

b. gamma rays

c. radio waves

d. visible light

e. sound waves

QUESTION 11

1. A circular copper cable is located perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 0.50 T. Due to external forces the cable area decreases at a ratio of 1.26 x 10 ^ -3 m ^ 2 / s. Determine the "emf" induced in the circular cable.

a. 7.9 x 10 ^ -3 V

b. 3.1 V

c. 1.2 x 10 ^ -3 V

d. 6.3 x 10 ^ -4 V

e. 3.1 x 10 ^ -4 V

QUESTION 12

1. A cable consists of 240 circular turns, each radius 0.044 m, and the current is 2.2 A. Determine the magnetic moment of the cable.

a. 23 Am ^ 2

b. 0.65 Am ^ 2

c. 15 am ^ 2

d. 0.21 Am ^ 2

e. 3.2 Am ^ 2

c. A protein called Merlin (Nf2) has been identified as a tumor suppressor. An explanation for its role as a tumor suppressor is likely found in Merlin’s influence on vesicular trafficking! Researchers labeled a v-SNARE with green florescent protein to monitor vesicular trafficking in cells lacking merlin protein. Why would monitoring a v-SNARE allow researchers to track vesicular trafficking? Rubric (2): explanation shows understanding of where vSNARES are present in the cell.

Answer: Once a vesicle is formed with its cargo inside, there is a v-snare protruding from the vesicle. By labeling the v-snare, the researchers could monitor the path of the vesicle from when the vesicle is released by coat assembly to when the v-snare and t-snare interact and fuse the vesicle and target membrane. This occurs during vesicular transport from the donor membrane to the target membrane.

e. The researchers found that anterograde vesicular transport was slower in cells with no Merlin protein present. This suggests that Merlin regulates motor protein function. Which type of motor protein might be affected by Merlin? Rubric (2): correct motor protein.

f.   Merlin slowed vesicular transport by influencing motor protein function. Hypothesize as to how Merlin might slow the walking of a motor protein. Rubric (2): all plausible answers get full points!