What is the difference between diminishing returns and decreasing returns to scale? What kind of returns to scale are possible in a school? Why?

Please describe Sarbanes-Oxley legislation.

How it may have an effect on the University School Flea Market (non-profit)

Describe the concept of cognitive bias and give an example of where you have seen this occur in your work or school life.

Please compare and contrast two schools of thought in psychology and discuss how each school would view or describe depression.

1. Construct a project charter for any project that you have ever worked on.  It can be for work, for school, or even somewhat fictitious.

Last Sunday night at the local hospital was really busy, and the folks in the maternity ward got just a little bit flustered. Two pairs of twins were born that night within a few moments of each other, but somehow the staff forgot to put name tags on the babies, and now they don't know which babies belong to which parents. You need to help them out by analyzing the blood types of these four babies and the two couples who are anxiously waiting to take their new families home with them.

Here's what you know:

You know about the inheritance patterns of human ABO blood types

You know the blood types of the two sets of parents:

Mrs. Smith is blood type A, and her husband is blood type B.

Mrs. Abernathy is blood type O and her husband is blood type AB.

And you know the blood types of the four babies (all little girls, incidentally):

Baby #1 is blood type O

Baby #2 is blood type A

Baby #3 is blood type B

Baby #4 is blood type AB

What could be simpler? On the answer sheet, tell me which two babies you're going to send home with Mr. and Mrs. Smith, and which you are going to send with Mr. and Mrs. Abernathy. (Please identify the babies by their numbers, shown above.) Then explainexactly how you figured it out. Show work as needed for your explanation, including Punnett squares for each of these couples.

An education researcher is interested in students’ performance on a standardised reading test. The researcher believes that if students experience a particular form of positive coaching, then they will be more likely to perform better on the reading test.

This researcher is testing two hypotheses. The first is that the coaching boosts self-efficacy and has an effect on students’ reading test scores. The second is that this treatment effect is moderated by year in school. Past research has suggested that there should not be a main effect for school year. However, to control for this possibility, a 2-way (2x2) factorial ANOVA is being conducted to account for any influence from school year, the treatment, and the interaction of the two main effects.

To test the hypotheses, the research has obtained 28 participants: 14 year-7 students and 14 year-10 students. From each group of 14, 7 students were randomly chosen for the treatment group. After the treatment, all students were given the same test. This test has been used in previous research, has a range of 0 to 100, and measures students’ reading comprehension. (The higher the test score, the more positive the result.)

Use a 2x2 ANOVA with α=0.01α=0.01 to test the the data and evaluate the hypotheses. Results are provided below for each group of students.

( 1a ) What is the F value for the treatment effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 2 decimal place.)

( 1b ) What is the p-value for the F value for the treatment effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 4 decimal places.)

( 1c ) Does this support the researcher's hypothesis that the treatment has an effect on reading comprehension?

• yes
• no

( 2a ) What is the F value for the school-year effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 2 decimal place.)

( 2b ) What is the p-value for the F value for the school-year effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 4 decimal places.)

( 2c ) Does this support the researcher's assumption that school-year does NOT have an effect on reading comprehension?

• yes
• no

( 3a ) What is the F value for the interaction effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 2 decimal place.)

( 3b ) What is the p-value for the F value for the interaction effect?  
(Report answer accurate to 4 decimal places.)

( 3c ) Does this support the researcher's hypothesis that the treatment effect is moderated by school-year?

• yes
• no

( 4 ) Based on these findings, which group can you say had the higher average on the test?

• year-7 students
• year-10 students
• group with no coaching
• group with positive coaching
• year-7 students in the control group
• year-10 students in the control group
• year-7 students in the treatment group
• year-10 students in the treatment group

A local school district cannot explain where all of the money that it receives from the state for operations is going. Although annual appropriations to the school district have been steadily increasing, funds available for school operations and equipment purchases have been decreasing. Consequently, you have been asked by the school board to investigate the situation.

During your interview with the local school superintendent, you discover the following about Jane Brown, the part-time bookkeeper who manages the school district’s finances:

• Jane has total control over the entire process of receiving, recording, depositing, and disbursing the district’s funds.
• Jane has declined offers by the superintendent to hire another part-time person to alleviate some of her workload.
• Jane is very protective of the financial records and, for “confidentiality reasons,” will not allow others to inspect them.
• Jane and her husband, John Brown, seem to be living a very nice lifestyle given their modest employment situations. Jane earns about $30,000 per year as the district’s part-time bookkeeper. John is “self-employed” and reports about $20,000 per year in net income.
• When first hired Jane often complained about how underpaid she was, although she has not complained recently.

In light of the above, you develop the fraud theory that Jane is embezzling funds from the school district. Accordingly, you request access to the financial records of the school district but are denied access due to “confidentiality issues.” Consequently, you must use an indirect method to test your fraud theory. The following information was collected to help test your fraud theory:

1. Exhibit 1 contains an estimate of the Brown’s net worth as of December 31, 2018.

2. Exhibit 2 contains an estimate of the Brown’s net worth as of December 31, 2019.

3. The Brown’s known sources of income during 2019 include:

Jane Brown                   $30,000

John Brown                  20,000

Investment Income            5,000

Total Income                $55,000

4. The Brown’s known expenditures during 2019 include:

Mortgage payments       $25,000

Airline tickets               10,000

Living expenses             30,000

Total Expenses             $65,000

Exhibit 1

Estimated Net Worth for Jane and John Brown

As of December 31, 2018

Exhibit 2

Estimated Net Worth for Jane and John Brown

As of December 31, 2019

Required: Estimate the Brown’s funds from unknown sources using: (1) the net worth method, and (2) the expenditures method. Note that for the expenditures method, increases in assets and pay offs of debt not reflected elsewhere are considered expenditures (e.g., the mortgage balance decreased by $40,000, and Brown's known mortgage expenditure in 2019 was $25,000; thus, $15,000 must also be an expenditure).

In​ 1991, a study was conducted to determine the education levels of people who declare bankruptcy. The percentages are shown in the accompanying table. Also shown in the table is the observed frequency for these education levels from a random sample of individuals who files for bankruptcy in 2017. Use these data to complete parts a through c.

Education level Probability 1991​ (%) Observed Frequency 2017

No high school diploma 21.5%    12

High school diploma    30.3%    38

Some college 35.5%    42

College diploma 9.9%    18   

Advanced degree 2.8​%    5

Total ​100% 115

a. Using alpha α=0.05​, perform a​ chi-square test to determine if the probability distribution for the education levels of individuals who files for bankruptcy changed between 1991 and 2017.

What is the null​ hypothesis, H0​?

A. The distribution of education levels is 12 no high school​ diploma, 38 high school​ diploma, 42 some​ college,18 college​ diploma, and 5 advanced degree.

B. The distribution of education levels follows the normal distribution.

C. The distribution of education levels is 21.5​% no high school​ diploma, 30.3​% high school​ diploma, 35.5​% some​ college, 9.9​% college​ diploma, and 2.8​% advanced degree.

D. The distribution of education levels differs from the claimed or expected distribution.

What is the alternative​ hypothesis, H1​?

A. The distribution of education levels differs from the claimed or expected distribution.

B. The distribution of education levels is​ 20% no high school​ diploma, 20% high school​ diploma, 20% some​ college, 20% college​ diploma, and​ 20% advanced degree.

C. The distribution of education levels does not follow the normal distribution.

D. The distribution of education levels is the same as the claimed or expected distribution.

The test​ statistic, combining the College diploma and Advanced degree​ rows, is . ​(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)

b. Determine the​ p-value using Excel and interpret its meaning.

Identify a function that can be used in Excel to directly calculate the​ p-value (with no other calculations needed other than calculating the arguments of the function​ itself). (=CHISQ.DIST(x, deg_freedom, cumulative)/=NORM.S.DIST(z, cumulative)/ =CHISQ.DIST.RT(x, deg_freedom)/ =T.DIST.2T(x, deg_freedom)/=T.DIST.RT(x, deg_freedom) pick one

Determine the​ p-value, combining the College diploma and Advanced degree rows.

​p-value=nothing ​(Round to three decimal places as​ needed.)

Interpret the​ p-value.

The​ p-value is the probability of observing a test statistic (greater than/less than/equal to) the test​ statistic, assuming (the distribution of the variable is the normal distribution/the expected frequencies are all equal to 5/the distribution of the variable differs from the given distribution/at least one expected frequency differs from 5/the distribution of the variable differs from the normal distribution/the distribution of the variable is the same as the given distribution) pick one.

c. What conclusion can be drawn about the type of individual who filed for bankruptcy in 2017 vs. the type of individual who filed for bankruptcy in​ 1991?

(Reject/ Do not reject) H0. At the 5​% significance​ level, there (is not/is) enough evidence to conclude that the distribution of education levels (is the same as/differs from) the( normal distribution/claimed or expected distribution/uniform distribution.) pick one Click to select your answer(s).