9. Discuss the arguments for and against the classification of viruses as living organisms.

10. You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzyme for industrial use. The Bacillus cultures had been growing for 2 days when the cells in one of the fermenters lysed. Explain what happened in this fermenter.

11. You are chosen to be part of an international team gathering to choose the next infectious disease to be eliminated from the planet. Funding is limited. What are some factors you and your team should consider in deciding what disease to tackle?

Influential genes and proteins in dairy cattle:

Genetic methods have been used to examine regions of the dairy cattle genome that appear to have been under selection. A positive signature of selection in a given region implies the genes contained therein are potentially important for aspects of milk production such as yield.

Two such genes found to be of importance in dairy cattle are DGAT1 (which encodes the fat biosynthesis enzyme diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1) and GHR (which encodes the growth hormone receptor).

44. Why might these two genes be important for milk production?

Your patient is an active 80-year-old woman with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation. You are taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a beta-blocker, a diuretic, and digoxin. During her evaluation, she tells him that she felt very dizzy this morning.

How would you approach your evaluation and why?

Identify some of the key evaluation factors.

What nursing interventions are necessary?

How would you change your evaluation and interventions if your patient also had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and kidney failure?

The following data was generated for an isolated mammalian dihydrofolate reductase.

[7,8-dihydrofolate] (mM)          V (mol/s)                V (mol/s) with methotrexate

                1.1                                  333                                      169

                2.0                                  444                                      265

                5.0                                  667                                      465

A.        Graph the data with and without methotrexate on a Lineweaver-Burk plot. Clearly label which line is which.

B.        Calculate K_m for the enzyme in the presence and absence of methotrexate. Is this a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor?

C.        Considering that deoxynucleotide concentrations are limiting in the cell, what effect will addition of methotrexate have on DNA replication? Explain your reasoning.

a)Thymidylate synthase: is inhibited by fluoro-deoxy uridylate (F-dUMP). True/False?

b)Thymidylate synthase: uses NADPH as a cofactor. True/False?

c)Thymidylate synthase: catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) to form deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). True/False?

d)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:is an allosteric enzyme. True/False?

e)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:uses NADPH as a cofactor. True/False?

f)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:catalyzes the reduction of a ribonucleotide diphosphate (eg ADP) to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotide diphosphate (eg. dADP). True/False?

Choose from the following list of words to complete the paragraph below. Not all terms will be used, and none of them can be used more than once.

positive     intermediate     free   negative   substrate   product   activation   thermal

An enzyme reduces the_____________ energy of a reaction, causing it to occur more frequently at a given temperature than it would otherwise. This does not alter the________ energy of the reactants or products. If the ΔG of a reaction is____________ , the reaction is spontaneous. Reactions that have a common____________ and are part of the same pathway are energetically coupled since the  ΔG for the pathway is the sum of the  ΔGs of the individual reactions.

QUESTION 32 1. Organize the steps of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment in the correct order:

(A) They treated each tube with a specific enzyme that would degrade one single type of chemical compound. (B) They examined what happened to the mice. (C) They identified the chemical nature of the transforming principle. (D) They took a mixture of the S Strain bacteria and broke the cells up and then separated the mixture into different tubes. (E) They added R strain bacteria to each of the tubes and then injected them to different mice.

a. EDCA b. DAEBC c. CDEA d. ABCDE

1. Pyruvate oxidation yields one molecule of _____ , and one molecule of ________ , which is exhaled.

2. How many molecules of CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 does the citric acid cycle yield for each acetyl CoA molecule oxidized?
   1. CO2            

2. ATP       

3. NADH    

4. FADH2    

3. Identify the two molecules that provide the electron transport chain with high energy electrons._______ and _______.

4. The chemiosmotic flow of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane goes through an enzyme called                                                                          .

5. List aerobic stages of cellular respiration:                                                                                  

6. As a result of fermentation, animal cells produce _________ acid.

7. Define oxidation and reduction.

1. To which class do collagen fibers belong? ___________________________

2. What is the monomer for this class of organic molecules? _____________________

3. With what type of reaction breaks down a polymer of this class into monomers? _______________________________

4.Osteoclasts are able to produce the components of a substance that lowers the pH of the surrounding matrix and breaks down hydroxyapatite.

A. proteoglycan

B. sodium chloride

C. alkaline mucus

D. hydrochloric acid

5. list two substances that osteoblast cells should be able to produce:   ______________________________ and ____________________________.

6.Osteoclasts produce an enzyme that break down collagen fibers, what is the name?

mtr: tryptophan-specific transport protein – transports tryptophan into the cell

trpA: tryptophan synthase, a protein – synthesizes tryptophan from its basic components

cusF: Periplasmic copper binding protein – binds copper ions

tnaA: Tryptophanase – enzyme for tryptophan catabolism

trpB: Tryptophan synthase, b protein – synthesizes tryptophan

Q. If tryptophan caused the expression level to change, explain why these changes occur for each gene (that is, how does the presence of tryptophan in the media influence expression of the gene...you should be able to infer this based on each gene’s known function).