In muscle, creatine phosphate is used to store high-energy phosphates. Creatine phosphate is made by the reaction

creatine + ATP « creatine phosphate + ADP.

The standard free energy change for this reaction, ?G?, = +11.7 kJ/mol. How is it possible for the muscle to produce creatine phosphate if the standard free energy change is so unfavorable?

      A. The reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme.

   B. The ATP concentration in the cell is high compared to the concentration of ADP.

C. The ADP concentration in the cell is high compared to the concentration of ATP.

      D. The reaction is kinetically favored even though it is thermodynamically unfavored.

      E.None of the above.

For the following question, please answer in essay format( a page and half long minimum)( if hand written please print legibly and be clear about which part of the question are answering, in complete sentences, with as much detail as possible. Thanks!

Describe the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) found in most eukaryotic cells. List all nine enzymes needed for this metabolic pathway, along with their substrates (include the number of carbon atoms in each substrate), products (include the number of carbon atoms in each product), and any high-energy molecules generated or consumed by each enzyme.

In an attempt to create a biological battery for energy storage, you examine the possibility of incorporating a rare enzyme that facilitates the phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) in the presence of H+ to form 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). The delta G for this enzymatically driven process is +59.6 kj/mol.

A.) Draw the reaction scheme for 3PG to (1,3-BPG).

B.) is this a spontaneous or nonspontaneous reaction?

C.) What is the Keq under standard biological conditions, based on the delta G value above?

D.) What effect should raising the pH habe on the free energy of the reaction?

9. Discuss the arguments for and against the classification of viruses as living organisms.

10. You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzyme for industrial use. The Bacillus cultures had been growing for 2 days when the cells in one of the fermenters lysed. Explain what happened in this fermenter.

11. You are chosen to be part of an international team gathering to choose the next infectious disease to be eliminated from the planet. Funding is limited. What are some factors you and your team should consider in deciding what disease to tackle?

Influential genes and proteins in dairy cattle:

Genetic methods have been used to examine regions of the dairy cattle genome that appear to have been under selection. A positive signature of selection in a given region implies the genes contained therein are potentially important for aspects of milk production such as yield.

Two such genes found to be of importance in dairy cattle are DGAT1 (which encodes the fat biosynthesis enzyme diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1) and GHR (which encodes the growth hormone receptor).

44. Why might these two genes be important for milk production?

Your patient is an active 80-year-old woman with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation. You are taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a beta-blocker, a diuretic, and digoxin. During her evaluation, she tells him that she felt very dizzy this morning.

How would you approach your evaluation and why?

Identify some of the key evaluation factors.

What nursing interventions are necessary?

How would you change your evaluation and interventions if your patient also had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and kidney failure?

The following data was generated for an isolated mammalian dihydrofolate reductase.

[7,8-dihydrofolate] (mM)          V (mol/s)                V (mol/s) with methotrexate

                1.1                                  333                                      169

                2.0                                  444                                      265

                5.0                                  667                                      465

A.        Graph the data with and without methotrexate on a Lineweaver-Burk plot. Clearly label which line is which.

B.        Calculate K_m for the enzyme in the presence and absence of methotrexate. Is this a competitive or non-competitive inhibitor?

C.        Considering that deoxynucleotide concentrations are limiting in the cell, what effect will addition of methotrexate have on DNA replication? Explain your reasoning.

a)Thymidylate synthase: is inhibited by fluoro-deoxy uridylate (F-dUMP). True/False?

b)Thymidylate synthase: uses NADPH as a cofactor. True/False?

c)Thymidylate synthase: catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) to form deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). True/False?

d)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:is an allosteric enzyme. True/False?

e)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:uses NADPH as a cofactor. True/False?

f)Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase:catalyzes the reduction of a ribonucleotide diphosphate (eg ADP) to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotide diphosphate (eg. dADP). True/False?

Choose from the following list of words to complete the paragraph below. Not all terms will be used, and none of them can be used more than once.

positive     intermediate     free   negative   substrate   product   activation   thermal

An enzyme reduces the_____________ energy of a reaction, causing it to occur more frequently at a given temperature than it would otherwise. This does not alter the________ energy of the reactants or products. If the ΔG of a reaction is____________ , the reaction is spontaneous. Reactions that have a common____________ and are part of the same pathway are energetically coupled since the  ΔG for the pathway is the sum of the  ΔGs of the individual reactions.

QUESTION 32 1. Organize the steps of the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment in the correct order:

(A) They treated each tube with a specific enzyme that would degrade one single type of chemical compound. (B) They examined what happened to the mice. (C) They identified the chemical nature of the transforming principle. (D) They took a mixture of the S Strain bacteria and broke the cells up and then separated the mixture into different tubes. (E) They added R strain bacteria to each of the tubes and then injected them to different mice.

a. EDCA b. DAEBC c. CDEA d. ABCDE