Zagat’s publishes restaurant ratings for various locations in the United States. The file Restaurants contains the Zagat rating for food, décor, service, and the cost per person for a sample of 100 restaurants located in New York City and in a suburb of New York City. Develop a regression model to predict the cost per person, based on a variable that represents the sum of the ratings for food, décor, and service.

a. Construct a scatter plot.

b. Assuming a linear relationship, use the least-squares method to compute the regression coefficients b0 and b1.

c. Interpret the meaning of the Y-intercept, b0, and the slope, b1, in this problem.

d. Predict the mean cost per person for a restaurant with a summated rating of 50.

e. What should you tell the owner of a group of restaurants in this geographical area about the relationship between the summated rating and the cost of a meal?

In the United States, a defendant is innocent until proven guilty. There have been many cases that have proven the defendant innocent at the end of the trial. In cases against the government, it is easy to automatically assume that a defendant is guilty because of government resources (FBI, CIA, US Attorney’s, etc) being able to use their power to gather information. It has happened in several cases, where the government could be wrong and in doing so, pull “tricks” to prove their case to a grand jury.

QUESTIONS:

Do you believe that the government is correct on their issues being tried on all occasions? Elaborate and explain your opinion.

Have you heard of any cases where this is true?

Target Corporation is the second-largest discount store retailer in the United States, behind Walmart, and a component of the S&P 500 Index. Founded by George Dayton and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the company was originally named Good fellow Dry Goods in June 1902 before being renamed the Dayton's Dry Goods Company in 1903 and later the Dayton Company in 1910. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota in 1962 while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967. It became the Dayton-Hudson Corporation after merging with the J.L. Hudson Company in 1969 and held ownership of several department store chains including Dayton's, Hudson's, Marshall Field's, and Mervyn's. Target established itself as the highest-earning division of the Dayton-Hudson Corporation in the 1970s; it began expanding the store nationwide in the 1980s and introduced new store formats under the Target brand in the 1990s. The company has found success as a cheap-chic player in the industry. The parent company was renamed the Target Corporation in 2000 and divested itself of its last department store chains in 2004. It suffered from a massive and highly publicized security breach of customer credit card data and the failure of its short-lived Canadian subsidiary in the early 2010s but experienced revitalized success with its expansion in urban markets within the United States. As of 2017, Target operates 1,834 stores throughout the United States. Their retail formats include the discount store Target, the hypermarket Super Target, and "flexible format" stores previously named City Target and Target Express before being consolidated under the Target branding. Target is often recognized for its emphasis on "the needs of its younger, image-conscious shoppers," whereas its rival Walmart more heavily relies on its strategy of "always low prices. Target Corporation decide to start its discount store in Saudi Arabia. The Target management hired you as Marketing Manager for its Saudi Arabia operation. You have to establish marketing department starting from the Analysis of market, formulate overall marketing goals, objectives, strategies and tactics within the context of an organization's business, mission, and goals designing and planning the entire function. 1. To establish the marketing function of Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia, you have to formulate the followings: a. Vision b. Mission c. Business objective. d. Product and type of services. ? 2. Develop a marketing Plan for Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia. Define the SWOT analysis for Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia. 3. Analyze the Micro and Macro environment of the Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia. 4. How Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia will establish, develop, and enhance mutually beneficial relationships with customers? Discuss all the activities to establish, develop, and maintain customer sales? 5. Identify the various consumer decision processes for the Target Corporation customer? 6. How will you establish the market research for making better decision to establish and enhance the marketing? 7. How Target Corporation, KSA will evaluate market segments and choose the best ones to serve? How it will create value propositions to meet the requirements of target customers? 8. How Target Corporation, KSA will manage all of their products and services? What are the steps in the best development process for new products?

A simple random sample of 1100 males aged 12 to 17 in the United States were asked whether they played massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs); 775 said that they did. a. We want to use this information to construct a 95% confidence interval to estimate the proportion of all U.S. males aged 12 to 17 who play MMORPGs.

State the parameter our confidence interval will estimate (in context).

b. State the value of our point estimate (i.e., the statistic, ). Round to four decimal places.

c. Identify the conditions that must be met to use this procedure and explain how you know that each one has been satisfied.

d. Find the appropriate critical value () and the standard error of the sample proportion (). SHOW YOUR WORK! Round the standard error to four decimal places.

e. Use the formula shown in your notes to get the 95% confidence interval by hand. SHOW YOUR WORK! Round to four decimal places.

f. Interpret the confidence interval constructed in part (e) in the context of the problem.

g. Interpret the confidence level in the context of the problem.

h. Suppose you wanted to estimate the proportion of 12-to-17 year-old males who play MMORPG’s with 95% confidence to have a margin of error within ± 2%. Calculate how large a sample you would need. Use the found in (b). SHOW YOUR WORK! Remember to round your final answer up to the nearest whole number.

i. If you wanted to have a margin of error of ±2% with 99% confidence, would your sample have to be larger, smaller, or the same size as the sample in part (h)? Explain.

j. Suppose MMORPG.com claims that 65% of all U.S. males aged 12-17 play massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Does your 95% confidence interval support this claim?

k. What is the name of the significance test that can we perform to test the claim made?

l. What hypotheses would we use if we wished to conduct a two-sided test?

m. The only condition that changed from earlier is the Success/Failure Condition. You must now verify the expected number of successes and failures using our null hypothesis value.

n. Now we can proceed with the calculations of the standard deviation (). SHOW YOUR WORK! Round to four decimal places. Note: Remember to use and in the formula.

o. Calculate the z-score. SHOW YOUR WORK!

p. Use your z-score to calculate the p-value. SHOW YOUR WORK! Hint: Remember to double the p-value if you start by calculating a one-sided probability.

q. Interpret the p-value in context.

r. What decision would you draw based on the size of the p-value?

s. Are our confidence interval and significance test results in agreement?

In the country of United States of Heightlandia, the height measurements of ten-year-old children are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 53.5 inches, and standard deviation of 6 inches.

A) What is the probability that a randomly chosen child has a height of less than 65 inches?

Answer= (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)

B) What is the probability that a randomly chosen child has a height of more than 55.2 inches?

Answer= (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)

Target Corporation is the second-largest discount store retailer in the United States, behind Walmart, and a component of the S&P 500 Index. Founded by George Dayton and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the company was originally named Good fellow Dry Goods in June 1902 before being renamed the Dayton's Dry Goods Company in 1903 and later the Dayton Company in 1910. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota in 1962 while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967. It became the Dayton-Hudson Corporation after merging with the J.L. Hudson Company in 1969 and held ownership of several department store chains including Dayton's, Hudson's, Marshall Field's, and Mervyn's. Target established itself as the highest-earning division of the Dayton-Hudson Corporation in the 1970s; it began expanding the store nationwide in the 1980s and introduced new store formats under the Target brand in the 1990s. The company has found success as a cheap-chic player in the industry. The parent company was renamed the Target Corporation in 2000 and divested itself of its last department store chains in 2004. It suffered from a massive and highly publicized security breach of customer credit card data and the failure of its short-lived Canadian subsidiary in the early 2010s but experienced revitalized success with its expansion in urban markets within the United States. As of 2017, Target operates 1,834 stores throughout the United States. Their retail formats include the discount store Target, the hypermarket Super Target, and "flexible format" stores previously named City Target and Target Express before being consolidated under the Target branding. Target is often recognized for its emphasis on "the needs of its younger, image-conscious shoppers," whereas its rival Walmart more heavily relies on its strategy of "always low prices. Target Corporation decide to start its discount store in Saudi Arabia. The Target management hired you as Marketing Manager for its Saudi Arabia operation. You have to establish marketing department starting from the Analysis of market, formulate overall marketing goals, objectives, strategies and tactics within the context of an organization's business, mission, and goals designing and planning the entire function.

Q is :

1. To establish the marketing function of Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia, you have to formulate the followings:

a. Vision

b. Mission

c. Business objective.

d. Product and type of services. ?

2. Develop a marketing Plan for Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia. Define the SWOT analysis for Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia.

3. Analyze the Micro and Macro environment of the Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia.

4. How Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia will establish, develop, and enhance mutually beneficial relationships with customers? Discuss all the activities to establish, develop, and maintain customer sales?

5. Identify the various consumer decision processes for the Target Corporation customer?

6. How will you establish the market research for making better decision to establish and enhance the marketing?

7. How Target Corporation, KSA will evaluate market segments and choose the best ones to serve? How it will create value propositions to meet the requirements of target customers?

8. How Target Corporation, KSA will manage all of their products and services? What are the steps in the best development process for new products?

Your company produces mass spectrometers for sale to colleges and universities throughout the United States. On February 12, the University of Washtaw contacts your company to purchase 12 mass spectrometers at $1,000,000 per unit. You enter into a contract with the university on March 1 under those terms, along with a delivery date of December 1. On April 10, you receive a letter from the university stating that, due to ambiguities in the contract language, they believe you are only owed $10,000,000. Specifically, Washtaw states, "please find enclosed a check for $10,000,000 for payment in full, check marked as such. Also, this is the total amount of our budget. We would be more agreeable to cancelling the contract than to have to come up with another $2,000,000." Your company has not yet started production on the spectrometers. What are your options and why?

In September 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) of the United States published a discussion paper seeking views on whether U.S. standard setting should move from a principle based approach toward a principle based approach as sometimes associated with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). That paper was partly in response to the SarbanesOxley Act, which was itself a response to such accounting scandals as Enron and WorldCom. Schipper (2003) points out that the U.S. rules are often based on principles. That is, the standard setters use principles in order to produce the rules for the preparers of financial statements. Nelson (2003, 91) agrees, and suggests that a particular standard should rather be seen as more or less rules-based. He suggests that rules can increase the accuracy with which standard setters communicate their requirements and can reduce the sort of imprecision that leads to aggressive reporting choices by management. However, he notes that rules can also lead to excessive complexity and to the structuring of transactions. One of the reasons why standards on several topics need to contain rules is that the standards are inconsistent with the conceptual frameworks of the standard setters. For several topics, the use of the appropriate principle could lead to clearer communication and to more precision without the need for the current rules. That is, before asking how rules-based a particular standard should be, we should ask whether the standard is based on the most appropriate principle. I identify six topics on which the accounting standards have detailed technical rules. In each case, I suggest that part of the need for rules is caused by a lack of principle or by the use of an inappropriate principle (i.e., one that does not fit with higher-level principles). The lack of clear and appropriate principles can also lead to optional accounting methods in standards because no one policy is obviously the correct one; this leads to lack of comparability. I do not suggest that the use of appropriate principles would lead inexorably to standards with no optional methods but that, on some topics, optional methods could be eliminated. The six topics are examined one by one. In each case, I attempt to locate the principles being used, to assess the appropriateness of the principles, and then to identify any arbitrary rules or optional methods that result from the absence of appropriate principles. I start with the IASB’s standards (hereafter, IFRSs), with frequent comparison with U.S. GAAP. One reason for examining

IFRSs in particular is that they are required for the financial reporting of listed companies throughout much of the world in 2005 onward,1 and the FASB has announced plans for convergence of its standards with IFRSs.2 The final section of the paper draws conclusions about how accounting might be improved by substituting principles (or better principles) for the existing requirements. PRIOR LITERATURE AND PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER Alexander (1999) investigates the nature of principles and rules in an accounting context. Below, I use the word ìprinciplesî to include Alexanderís type A overall criteria (e.g., fair presentation, the definitions of elements of accounting and, in particular, the primacy of the asset and liability definitions) and his type B conventions (e.g., prudence). Such principles are contained in the standard settersí conceptual frameworks. I contrast this to ìrulesî which are Alexanderís type C rules (e.g., the requirement to measure inventories at the lower of cost and market). My definition of ìrulesî includes Nelsonís (2003, 91) ìspecific criteria, ëbright lineí thresholds, examples, scope restrictions, exceptions, subsequent precedents, implementation guidance, etc.î The use of the terms ìprinciplesî and ìrulesî seems broadly consistent among Alexander (1999), Nelson (2003), Schipper (2003), and me. My purpose is not to investigate why the U.S. system tends toward the writing of rules (whether based on principles or not). Identifying the roles played by the existence since the 1930s of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as an enforcement agency and the perceived need of auditors to protect themselves from litigation by encouraging the setting of clear and detailed rules is left to Benston (1976), Zeff (1995), and future research. As discussed below, the IASB also frequently writes rules. Thus, my purpose is to evaluate how the failure to use the appropriate principles can lead any standard setter to rely too much on rules. As noted earlier, the imposition of rules has some potential advantages. Those identified by Schipper (2003) and Nelson (2003) include: ï increased comparability; ï increased verifiability for auditors and regulators (and a related reduction in litigation); ï reduced opportunities for earnings management through judgments (but increased opportunities through transaction structuring); and ï improved communication of standard settersí intentions. Nelson (2003) and the American Accounting Associationís Financial Accounting Standards Committee (FASC) (2003) review the literature related to these issues. FASC concludes: Concepts-based standards, if applied properly, better support the FASBís stated mission of ìimproving the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on the primary characteristics of relevance and reliability.î (AAA FASC 2003, 74) (emphasis added) In addition to balancing the advantages and disadvantages of more detailed rules, the standard setters sometimes face competing principles. An obvious example is the difficulty of trading off relevance and reliability: for instance, estimates of current values or future cash flows might be potentially relevant data, but some such estimates have low reliability. Departure from one principle might be justified by the need to follow another one. Standard setters are also subject to political pressure, especially from the management of large companies (e.g., Hope and Gray 1982; Solomons 1978; Watts and Zimmerman 1978; Nobes 1992; Zeff 1997). Giving way to political pressure might be an explanation for departing from principles. However, a bad standard cannot be re-classified as a good one because issuing it enabled the standard setter to survive.

As noted earlier, my purpose is to identify several accounting topics for which the accounting standard could be improved by being based more closely on a principle from the conceptual frameworks. In some cases, merely removing a rogue ìprincipleî that is not contained in the conceptual frameworks is sufficient. The improvements come in the form of increased clarity, decreased complexity, and decreased motivation for the structuring of transactions. That is, in some cases, increased clarity can be associated with a reduction in rules. This is not to say that principles-based standards are always clearer than rules-based standards. For example, development costs can represent an asset that meets reasonable recognition criteria; IAS No. 38 (para. 57) is based on this argument. In this context, the U.S. requirement (in SFAS No. 2) to expense development costs could be seen as an un-principled rule. However, in this case, the U.S. ìruleî leads to a clearer instruction and to several resulting advantages (see above), although not necessarily to a better balance sheet. Because some accounting topics are not susceptible to solution by use of appropriate principles without rules, standard setters are then forced to choose, for example, between an unclear principle and a clear rule. However, I and most other authors quoted above do not welcome rules for their own sake. They should be kept to the minimum necessary to achieve the various advantages claimed for them, such as clarity. This warrants an examination of each accounting topic to see if a more appropriate principle could achieve the advantages of rules and yet reduce the amount of rules at the same time. As mentioned earlier, the use of appropriate principles can reduce optional accounting treatments, with a consequent increase in comparability. I am not talking here of judgments by preparers, but of overt optional methods in accounting standards. Optional methods are not prevalent in U.S. accounting standards, although some exist.3 However, several options continue to exist in IFRS even after the removal of many in December 2003. The options were needed to achieve a three-quarters majority on the IASC Board, but arguing for the options was easier in the absence of clear principles. Using appropriate principles does not guarantee a reduction in options, but the discussion below finds several instances where a focus on principles can reduce options.

WHAT IS THE MAIN POINT OF THIS ARTICLE? HOW TO SUMMARY THIS?

1.

In the country of United States of Heightlandia, the height measurements of ten-year-old children are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 55.7 inches, and standard deviation of 1.7 inches.

What is the probability that the height of a randomly chosen child is between 53.05 and 53.95 inches? Do not round until you get your your final answer, and then round to 3 decimal places.

Answer= (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)

2.

The mean daily production of a herd of cows is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean of 35 liters, and standard deviation of 4.2 liters.

A) What is the probability that daily production is less than 26.8 liters?

Answer= (Round your answer to 4 decimal places.)

B) What is the probability that daily production is more than 24.9 liters?

Answer= (Round your answer to 4 decimal places.)

Warning: Do not use the Z Normal Tables...they may not be accurate enough since WAMAP may look for more accuracy than comes from the table.

1. How is race socially constructed in the United States? (Useful to also look back at "Race: The Power of Illusion"
2. In what ways do ideas of race show up on the internet? Can we disconnect ourselves from ideas of race in cyberspace? How are the authors for this week’s readings approaching these questions?
3. Name one type of ideological or cultural work that race does in cyberspace?