Please show work

The unemployment rates in the United States during

1. A ten year period is given in the following table. Use exponential smoothing to find the best forecast for next year. Use smoothing constants of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. Which one had the lowest MAD?

Examine two (2) efforts at health reform in the United States that occurred during the 1900s. Determine the major political and social factors that influenced the outcomes for each. Support your rationale with specific examples of such influence.

Compare and contrast at least two (2) pros and cons of developing a state health insurance exchange. Speculate on which exchange you believe would be most beneficial for the majority of the insured in your state. Provide support for your rationale.

Provide references

16. In the United States, there has historically been a strong relationship between smoking and education, with well-educated people less likely to smoke. To examine whether this pattern has changed, a sample of 187 high school graduates, a sample of 139 College graduates, and a third sample of 133 graduate school graduates were selected at random from those who had visited a health center for a routine check-up over the course of the past year. Smoking Status Education Nonsmoker Former Moderate Heavy Total High School 56 54 41 36 187 College 37 43 27 32 139 Graduate 53 28 36 16 133 Total 146 125 104 84 459

What type of the chi-square test for this two-way table should be conducted?

What are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for this two-way table? What is the p-value and test statistic for the chi-square test for this two-way table? What conclusion can you make?

According to a government energy agency, the mean monthly household electricity bill in the United States in 2011 was $108.99 . Assume the amounts are normally distributed with standard deviation $19.00 .

(a) What proportion of bills are greater than $133 ?

(b) What proportion of bills are between $82 and $140 ?

(c) What is the probability that a randomly selected household had a monthly bill less than $119 ? Round the answers to at least four decimal places.

9.) Taxation, Distribution of Income and Resource Allocation

The United States declared a “War on Poverty” in 1964, and within a decade the fraction of families below the official poverty line had dropped substantially. Today, the richest 20 percent of households receive more than 50 percent of the income, whereas the poorest 20 percent of households receive less than 3.5 percent. In what ways do individual incomes differ? Why has the poverty rate increased since the 1970?

2. A team of market researchers conducted a study involving 200 inhabitants of the United States to determine what people fear most. The gender of each person polled was noted, and then each was asked which of the following was his or her greatest fear: speaking before a group, heights, bugs/insects, financial problems, sickness/death, and other. The results of the poll are given in the table. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate a relationship between gender and greatest fear? Test at the a=.05 level.

Imagine you are a small company providing electrical contracting in the United States. You are losing money on several jobs bid before the steel tariffs affected the cost of electrical conduit. Although you can account for increased costs in future projects and possibly even offset your current loses by including a greater profit margin, in the short term you need a bridge loan to carry operating expenses.

How will you approach lenders and what type of assurances do you think will entice them to provide the loan you seek? Are there alternative sources beyond banks and venture capitalists?

Topic: Economic Benefits, External Costs and the Regulation of Unconventional Gas in the United States.

Article Summary : The article discussed was written by Ian Cronshaw and R. Quentin Grafton and published in Energy Policy in 2016. The article examines the external costs and economic benefits created by the recent rapid growth in unconventional gas production (UGC) in the United States. It examines how policy makers should design and implement regulations that reduce the amount of external costs of UGC while remaining cost-effective for the producers. Cronshaw and Grafton propose 10 principles that regulators and producers of UGC should implement that would cost-effectively reduce external cost by UGC. Cronshaw and Grafton argues that firms that utilize UGC in the United States are now able to access previously unattainable sources of natural gas in which the economic benefits amount to $433 billion in 2012 and has directly and indirectly employs 2.7 million (Cronshaw and Grafton 2016, 181). Cronshaw and Grafton discuss how UGC has created multiple external costs to those residing in nearby communities. Water and air pollution, land access, traffic congestion, and loss of property values are some of the external cost associated with UGC (Cronshaw and Grafton 2016, 182). The article concludes with discussing how regulators need to implement cost-effective measures that reduce the external costs of UGC in order to maintain the net benefits of UGC in the United States.

Assessment : Cronshaw and Quentin’s argument for advising industry regulators to consider the cost-effectiveness of imposing policy designed to reduce the external costs of UGC is sensible. Cronshaw and Quentin phrase their concerns over keeping UGC advantageous to those production firms using that method by providing the framework that gas production within Europe was slowing and that they were developing gas importing infrastructures in order to satisfy their demand for gas. This article does a good job in highlighting the topics of social efficacy and external costs and benefits. Throughout the article, Cronshaw and Quentin continually discuss what the external costs are of UGC and how they impact the surrounding communities. This furthers the discussion provided by Field and Field (2015) in displaying another situation in which the private costs of UGC does not consider the external costs of UGC. Furthermore, Cronshaw and Grafton expand on Field and Field (2015) discussion of how market failure can occur when the social value is remarkable different than the market value. As such, Cronshaw and Grafton (2016) explain public intervention using regulations is necessary for the social value of UGC to increase towards the market value of UGC.

Implication: The article by Cronshaw and Grafton has limited amount of implications within other areas of environmental and resource economics. Cronshaw and Grafton look at the external benefits and costs of UGC through the lens of policy implementation and industry regulation. As such, it only provided a case study on how external costs and benefits are incurred within an industry and how regulation would also be need for the furtherance of that industry. Other researchers can use Cronshaw and Grafton’s article as a research model to do the same type of assessment and advisement for other enterprises within natural resource industry.

Question: How do the authors address opportunity costs and social efficiency as part of their analysis?

1. The table shows the number of computers per household in the United States.

1. Construct a probability distribution.
2. Graph the probability distribution using a histogram and describe its shape.
3. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the probability distribution and interpret the results.
4. Find the probability of randomly selecting a household that has at least four computers.