1. An occurrence of a gene made larger by trinucleotide repeats is:

Allelic expansion

Nucleotide expansion

Translocation mutation

Transformation

2. a chemical that can damage and/or change DNA is called a/an:

Allele

Endonuclease

Vector

Mutagen

3. An occurrence when a section of a chromosome relocates itself to an entirely different (non-homologous) chromosome is called a/an:

Inversion mutation

Translocation mutation

Transformation mutation

Duplication mutation

4. The tandem repeat in the sequence GGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAG is:

GGA

GGGAA

GGAAG

GGAAGGG

A disease characterized by abnormally shaped hemoglobin is called:

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Marfan Syndrome

Leukemia

5. A point mutation that causes a substitution of a stop codon with an amino acid and leads to the formation of a longer protein is a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

6. Addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is known as a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

7. The least severe type of chromosomal mutation is:

Point

Frameshift

Inversion

Translocation

8. Chemicals inserting themselves into DNA can cause a:

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

9. A genetic condition caused by allelic expansion is:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Fragile X syndrome

Alkaptonuria

Galactosemia

10. Which of the following is most likely the original DNA strand if the mutated DNA strand is ATAGUUGATGUA ?

ATAGAAGATGAA

ATAGCCGATGCA

ATAGGGGATGGA

ATAGTTGATGTA

11. An unbalanced chromosomal mutation would include a/an:

duplication (insertion)

inversion

translocation

denaturation

12. Many translocation mutations are found to be involved with:

cancers

sickle cell anemia

Huntington disease

cystic fibrosis

13. A common repeat throughout the human genome that is approximately 300 bases in length is called a/an:

EcoRI repeat

Hind repeat

Exo repeat

Alu repeat

14. A balanced chromosomal mutation includes:

imprintation

denaturation

inversion

deletion

Consider the following:  

      Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests are used to screen blood specimens for the presence of antibodies to HIV,  

      the virus that causes AIDS. Antibodies indicate the presence of the virus. The test is quite accurate but is

      not always correct. Suppose that 1% of a large population carries antibodies to HIV in their blood. Of

      those that carry the HIV antibodies in their blood, 99.85% will have a positive test result and 0.15% will

      have a false-negative test result. Of those that do not carry the HIV antibodies in their blood, 99.4% will

      have a negative test result and 0.60% will have a false-positive test result.

1. Draw a tree diagram for selecting a person from this population and testing his or her blood.

b) Construct a probability table that shows the probabilities for individuals in this population with    

respect to the presence of antibodies and test results.

When an organic sulfate ester is hydrolyzed by a sulfatase enzyme, a hydrogen ion is produced;

R-O-SO₃^- + H₂O ----> ROH + SO₄^-2 + H⁺

The above reaction was carried out in a 1.0 mL of a .02 M Tris buffer, pH 8.10, containing 0.01 M ester. At the end of 10 minutes, the pH of the reaction mizture decreases to 7.95. How many micromoles of ester were hydrolyzed during the 10 minute reaction period? pKa of Tris = 8.10.

imagine you have been reduced to the size of an enzyme and delivered via a capsule by mouth into 82-year old Mary to find out why she has a loss of appetite. The goal is for the capsule to begin dissolving in the upper GI tract and for you to use your ship to explore Mary’s GI system for signs of disease. In a 500-word paper, describe what you see as you move through the GI tract and be sure to explore each organ and any enzymes you come across. When you are eliminated via feces, you will bring your notes to the physician for diagnosis and treatment options.

ErmTR is an enzyme found in S. pyogenes strains that are resistant to erythromycin. While working in the lab one afternoon you discover a small molecule (C23) that inhibits the activity of ermTR. To assess the type of inhibitor you discovered, you set up reactions with 6 different concentrations of erythromycin and varying amounts of the C23 small molecule you discovered. To each reaction you add 2 x 10-12 mol of ermTR (total reaction volume: 15 mL) and measure the initial velocities, Vo, by spectrophotometry. You obtained the following data:

Initial Velocity Vo (micromoles/min)

Display the data on a Lineweaver-Burk plot in order to extract the Km and Vmax values. You can
generate the plot by hand on the graph paper on the last page or use a program, such as Excel, to plot the data. Submit the plot you generate with your test answers.

b) What are the KM and Vmax values for each of the samples? Show your calculations and explain how you obtain the answer for the “no inhibitor” sample.

c) What type of inhibitor is C23? Explain your answer.

d) Calculate the turnover number and the specificity constant for the enzyme sample that lacks the inhibitor C23.

After the discovery of DNA polymerase by Arthur Kornberg, the properties of the enzyme became quite well known. One of the most critical is that all known DNA polymerases synthesize DNA only: 5' to 3'. This fact led to a dilemma regarding how the semiconservative model would work for a DNA molecule. Reiji Okazaki a brilliant experimenter took on this problem. [An aside: Okazaki was born near Hiroshima, Japan, in 1930. He was a teenager there at the time of the explosion of the first of two nuclear bombs that the US dropped at the end of World War II. Reiji's scientific career was cut short by his untimely death from cancer in 1975 at the age of 44]

In the actual experiment: They cultured E. coli (at low temperatures to slow down replication process) in the presence of radioactive nucleotides. They did this for short pulses followed by the addition of excess nonradioactive nucleotides. This resulted in label (radioactivity) being present only in the DNA that was synthesized during the short period of the pulse. Soon after the pulse, they isolated the DNA and separated the individual strands from one another. The various pieces of DNA could then be sorted out by size: using a “sucrose gradient” and spun in an ultracentrifuge.

3a- 2pts) Describe what types of DNA fragments he would have observed after short pulses? Indicate in your answer:

1. What the difference is between the fragments in terms of size
2. Based on your understanding of the process of DNA replication what the source of those

fragments would be.

(Use accurate terminology. We will be using a Rubric that looks for the accurate use of terms needed to answer this question)

Assume Okazaki and his team were unaware that their bacteria had a mutation in the gene that codes for DNA Ligase. Also assume that the mutation rendered the protein DNA Ligase unable to carry out its enzymatic activity/function.

3b- 1pt) What kinds of fragments would be seen after a short pulse when carrying out the assay with such a mutant? (0.5pt) Why? (0.5pt) (Answer in complete sentences)

3c- 1pt) What kind of fragments would be seen after a long exposure to the radioactive label? (0.5pt) Why? (0.5pt) Answer in a complete sentence

1.When the substrates bind to the active of an enzyme, the active site changes shape. This is an example of: a) lock & key model; b) inhibitor model; c) allosteric model; d) induced fit model; e) none.

2. The change in free energy at equilibrium is: a) increased; b) decreased; c) no net change

3. You have a gram of each of the following: bacon grease, lean ground turkey and bread. Which on has more potential energy and why? a) bacon/fewer bonds; b) turkey/more bonds; c) bread/less bonds; d) grease/more bonds; e) turkey/less bonds; ab) bread/more bonds; ac) all of these are equal; ad) none of them

1. A virus infects cells and uses them replicate (make copies of itself). What are all viruses composed of?

a. nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

b. DNA and RNA surrounded by a lipid membrane

c. RNA surrounded by protein spikes

d. genetic material surrounded by lipids and proteins

2. What is the structure of a coronavirus?

a. DNA wrapped in protein capsid, surrounded by phospholipid membrane with protein spikes on surface

b. RNA wrapped in protein capsid, surrounded by phospholipid membrane with protein spikes on surface

c.DNA wrapped in a lipid capsid, with protein spikes protecting the DNA

d. RNA wrapped in a lipid capsid, with protein spikes protecting the RNA

3. What is the function of the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2?

a. stimulates viral reproduction inside human cells

b. provides the genetic sequence for making new proteins

c. causes mutations in the viral genome

d. binds to ACE2 receptors on human cells, which then allow virus to enter cell

4. How did the coronavirus jump from animals to humans?

a. random mutations created new spike proteins that were now able to bind to human cell receptors

b. human cells selected for specific mutations in the virus

c. mutations in the viral envelope allowed the virus to enter into a human cell

d. ACE2 receptors on human cells mutated and can now bind to the coronavirus

5. There are a variety of approaches to making a COVID-19 vaccine. Which of the following statements concerning COVID-19 vaccine development is most accurate?

a. mRNA vaccines are the traditional route for vaccine development but are slower to make

b. using attenuated (weakened) versions of the virus are not a viable option for this vaccine because of the high risk

c. mRNA vaccines are a newer technology and less certain, but are currently in the clinical trial stage of development

d. mRNA vaccines stimulate the human body to make the entire coronavirus RNA sequence

What are some of the ways in which managers might think they are making rational empirical decisions on capital investments when in fact they are being swayed by more subjective perceptions and unfounded assumptions? How does human psychology and the dynamics of human judgment impact such financial decisions? Do some internet research to support your conclusions.