In humans, the huntingtin gene is essential for nerve cells to function effectively. People with Huntington’s disease have 2 different copies of the huntingtin gene – one normal and one mutated. The mutated huntingtin gene (HD) is caused by an excess of codons (CAG) that code for the amino acid glutamine. The HD gene is responsible for deterioration of the nerve cells, which leads to loss of one’s ability to move, feel and think.

Can you design an RNAi drug that targets only the HD gene and not the normal huntingtin gene?

The following is the nucleotide sequence of a strand of DNA from E. coli. CGTCCTCCAATCGCCCGTACCGTCTCCAGCGGAGATCTTTTCCGGTCGCAACTGAGGTTGATCAAC

The strand is transcribed from left to right and codes for a small peptide.

a) Is this the mRNA-like coding strand or template strand?

b) Which end is the 3' end and which is the 5' end?

c) What is the DNA coding strand sequence of the ORF ?

d) What is the sequence of the entire transcript (assume the +1 of transcription begins at the first nucleotide shown)?

e) What is the amino acid sequence of the peptide?

1.The purpose of the indole test is to differentiate groups of gram-negative, lactose-fermenting bacteria called___________ . This specific test allows to identify bacteria that are capable of hydrolyzing the amino acid___________ . This is achieved by detecting the presence of the enzyme___________

2.Which of the following products are made from this hydrolysis reaction? (select all)

You can select more than one option

A.Indole

B.Oxygen

C.Ammonia

D.Pyruvate

E. Glucose

F.Carbon Dixoide

G. Citrate

Glucose

F

Carbon dioxide

Identify the type of fatty acid in Frank’s food choices that is a product of hydrogenation and explain how it impacts risk for cardiovascular disease. Include in your answer the effects this fatty acid has on blood cholesterol levels and how it compares with saturated fatty acids when it comes to risk for heart disease. Support your answer with data, facts, key terminology, specific examples and other information drawn from the textbook and at least one other supplemental source

1. Starting with the fatty acid 18:0, write all of the steps of one round of the process of beta oxidation. How many rounds of beta oxidation are required to completely break down an 18C saturated fatty acids. How many molecules of acetyl-coA would this produce? What step of this process resembles a step in the citric acid cycle? How do electrons in this step enter into the ETC? Why is it necessary that the thiol group of the coA is the nucleophile in this reaction?

T or F For the following

Acetylenic fatty acids are natural products.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a natural product

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5 (5c,8c,11c,14c,17c) cannot be formed from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA by animal biosynthetic processes alone

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5 (5c,8c,11c,14c,17c) It is formed by the acetate pathway

Prostaglandins They are primary metabolites

Prostaglandins They are formed by the acetate pathway

Which of the following best describes why a 3° alcohol cannot undergo oxidation at the hydroxyl carbon?

Select one:

a. the oxidizers we typically use are not strong enough to work on 3° alcohols

b. 3° alcohols will oxidize at the hydroxyl carbon, just not to ketones or carboxylic acids

c. the hydroxyl carbon in a 3° alcohol does not have requisite hydrogens bound in order for oxidation to occur

d. the steric hinderance of the alcohol prevents oxidation from occuring

classify the following solution as acids, bases or neutral based on their pH values

water
soda pop
vomit
battery acid
milk
hand soap
coffee
blood
orange juice
drain cleaner
Part B
classify each substance as strong acid, strong base, weak acid, or weak base
H2SO4
HBr
HI
H2SO3
(CH3)2NH
CH3COOH
HCLO4
H3PO4
NAOH
LiOH
can(OH)2
KOH
C6H5COOH
NH3

Which physiologic actions result from normal insulin secretion? Select all that apply.
A. Increased liver storage of glucose as glycogen

B. Increased gluconeogenesis

C. Increased cellular uptake of blood glucose

D. Increased breakdown of lipids (fats) for fuel

E. Increased production and release of epinephrine

F. Decreased storage of free fatty acids in fat cells

G. Decreased blood glucose levels

H. Decreased blood cholesterol levels

2Discuss the value of each of the following characters for use in phylogenetic inference:

identity of nucleic acids at third positions in a codon triplet,

nucleic acid sequences in eukaryotic introns,

surface proteins in viruses,

numbers of flower parts in angiosperms,

presence of alkaloids in leaf tissues of angiosperms,

diversity of hemoglobin types within an individual organism in tetrapods,

presence or absence of specific recombination factors in bacteria,

relative limb length (limb length relative to body size) in tetrapods