19. Incubate DNA, restriction enzyme, and buffer at 37 degree Celcius for 30 minutes,  then run it out on agarose gel electrophoresis. The procedure is known as;

QUESTION 19

20. Billions of DNA copies in few hours, generate substantial amounts of DNA samples, the procedure is known as;

1. What is a dogma? Describe the central dogma of biology. Include the names of the three cellular molecules and the three processes that make those molecules in your description.

2.The lagging strand is replicated discontinuously (in Okazaki fragments.) Why is it not replicated continuously like the leading strand? Be specific and use enzyme names and directionality in your answer.

3.How is all RNA made? Describe the process of translation in terms of the three types of RNA discussed in this unit.

Isopenicillin N is produced by the fungi Penicillium chrysogenum. This compound may be

converted by the enzyme penicillin transacetylase to Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) by the

same microorganism if the growth medium is supplied with phenylacetic acid. The net

reaction is:

Isopenicillin N + Phenylacetic acid → Penicillin G + Aminoadipic Acid

12.0 g phenylacetic acid is added to a broth containing 15.0 g of Isopenicillin N.

What percentage of the phenylacetic acid added ends up incorporated in benzylpenicillin?

The year is 2040, and you are part ofan intergalactic research team.  In the On-Line galaxy, on the planet Virtual, you discover ureotelic organisms that have biochemistry analogous to terrestrial organisms (aka us!). You have isolated the following compound that appears to be an intermediate in their urea cycle.  Based on this compound, and the excellent (ahem!) biochemical education you received in CHM 3280, predict the rest of the Virtualian Urea Cycle.  Provide structures and enzyme names, cofactors etc.

Firefly luciferase is the enzyme that allows fireflies to illuminate their abdomens. Because this light generation is an ATP-requiring reaction, firefly luciferase can be used to test for the presence of ATP. In this way, luciferase can test for the presence of life. The coupled reactions are

1.2.luciferin+O2ATP⇌⇌oxyluciferin+lightAMP+PPiΔG∘=−31.6 kJ/mol

If the overall ΔG∘ of the coupled reaction is -5.50 kJ/mol , what is the equilibrium constant, K, of the first reaction at 23 ∘C ?

1. An analogy of a rechargeable battery can be used to describe ATP. Explain this analogy in detail and evaluate whether this analogy is accurate.

2. RuBisCo is used by almost all photoautotrophs. It is believed to be the most important enzyme in the biosphere by many scientists. Defend or refute this claim. Be detailed.

3. Imagine you are a genetic engineer who is interested in plants as a method to fight climate change. What reactions and molecules in photosynthesis should you target? Explain.

Provide one way in which glutamine/glutamate could be regulated hormonally, in order to meet the needs of the organism. Start with the hormone that would be used to send the message to the liver cell that the blood glucose level is low, and run through the steps of the amplification cascade in the liver (a sketch with explanation would be useful), and conclude with one important target enzyme and indicate how it would be affected (activated? Inhibited? How?). Briefly explain the biochemical strategy of this regulation.

Which type of enzyme is routinely used in biotechnology to cut DNA into fragments?

Nuclear transplantation (somatic cell nuclear transfer) is a technique that requires multiple steps. Which of the following steps is nota part of this technique?
a. production of an enucleated egg (egg with the nucleus removed)

b. de-differentiated (re-programmed) somatic cell

c. fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell

d. fusion of a de-differentiated somatic cell with an enucleated egg

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient

In a poll of

510

human resource​ professionals,

47.6%

said that body piercings and tattoos were big grooming red flags. Complete parts​ (a) through​ (d) below.

​a) Among the

510

human resource professionals who were​ surveyed, how many of them said that body piercings and tattoos were big grooming red​ flags?

243

​(Round to the nearest integer as​ needed.)

​b) Construct a​ 99% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of all human resource professionals believing that body piercings and tattoos are big grooming red flags.

nothingless than p less than<p<nothing