QUESTION 14

1. 445 moles of NADH are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC). How many moles of glucose needed to be broken down during glycolysis in order to produce enough pyruvate for the CAC to produce this many moles of NADH?

   Note: Brock, a Biology of Microorganisms considers the synthesis of Acetyl-CoA to be part of the Citric Acid Cycle. This is different than what you may have learned in BIOL-151 where the Morris Book considers Acetyl Co-A Synthesis a seperate step. See page 89 of Brock for full details.

   Round your answer to one decimal place.

QUESTION 15

1. If 82 moles of ATP are produced by glycolysis, how many moles of glucose were broken down?

   For every molecule of glucose broken down, 2 molecules of ATP are generated.

QUESTION 16

1. NADH and FADH are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) and these electron shuttles go on to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). A mole of NADH will produce 3 moles of ATP from the ETC. A mole of FADH₂ will produce 2 moles of ATP from the electron transport chain. A single mole of pyruvate will produce 4 moles of NADH and 1 mole of FADH2 from the CAC. Therefore, every  14 moles of ATP came from 1 mole of pyruvate.

   Given:

   The ETC produced 78 moles of ATP from the products of the CAC.

   Find:

   How many moles of pyruvate entered the CAC?

   Note: Brock, a Biology of Microorganisms considers the synthesis of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate to be part of the Citric Acid Cycle. This is different than what you may have learned in BIOL-151 where the Morris Book considers Acetyl Co-A Synthesis a separate step. See page 89 of Brock for full details.

   Round your answer to one decimal place.

As technology rapidly progresses, the issue with artificial intelligence overwhelms us with many questions. Proponents believe it is the solution to society's most complex challenges but critics argue that it threatens to fundamentally alter the human way of life in such a way that poses an "existential threat" to mankind. In the TED Talk, Sam Harris does bring up the potential danger of AI acting independently of our control and may acquire the ability to refine themselves. To deal with this situation is tricky because there is always the doubts of the unknown and the fear to conquer them. In my personal opinion, there is no definite possibility or impossibility. AI could have the tendency to overpower the human race. For a fact, they are the manifestation of society's intelligence and innovation. In the essence, what is the nature of humanity versus the nature of AI? In many ways, we as humans are superior to artificial machinery. For example, we have the ability to learn from past experiences, adapt to new circumstances and change our own environments based on our accumulated knowledge. AI, on the other hand, is simply a tool of study and design that produces actions to maximize our success. In the essence, AI is being programmed to mimic human behavior while human intelligence is the real creator of artificial intelligence.   

It is true that in some aspects AI can outsmart human intelligence but our fear of the unknown should not be an excuse to prevent the next wave of technological and human progression. In the similar way that we utilize eco-friendly resources for the benefit of the society, we can manage to employ the adequate precautions and regulations necessary to create human- friendly AI that could be developed to serve humans rather than threaten them. In the bottom line, we need to be careful about the decisions we make and prepare for the consequences of our own actions. Always be better safe than sorry.

Question 8

1. A study to determine whether treatment with a calcium channel block or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lowers the incidence of coronary heart disease when compared with a diuretic included over 33,000 patients (ALLHAT 2002). The primary outcome was fatal coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction. What type of study design is this? Give a justification for your answer in your own words. please may I have a brief explained answer

19. Incubate DNA, restriction enzyme, and buffer at 37 degree Celcius for 30 minutes,  then run it out on agarose gel electrophoresis. The procedure is known as;

QUESTION 19

20. Billions of DNA copies in few hours, generate substantial amounts of DNA samples, the procedure is known as;

1. What is a dogma? Describe the central dogma of biology. Include the names of the three cellular molecules and the three processes that make those molecules in your description.

2.The lagging strand is replicated discontinuously (in Okazaki fragments.) Why is it not replicated continuously like the leading strand? Be specific and use enzyme names and directionality in your answer.

3.How is all RNA made? Describe the process of translation in terms of the three types of RNA discussed in this unit.

Isopenicillin N is produced by the fungi Penicillium chrysogenum. This compound may be

converted by the enzyme penicillin transacetylase to Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) by the

same microorganism if the growth medium is supplied with phenylacetic acid. The net

reaction is:

Isopenicillin N + Phenylacetic acid → Penicillin G + Aminoadipic Acid

12.0 g phenylacetic acid is added to a broth containing 15.0 g of Isopenicillin N.

What percentage of the phenylacetic acid added ends up incorporated in benzylpenicillin?

The year is 2040, and you are part ofan intergalactic research team.  In the On-Line galaxy, on the planet Virtual, you discover ureotelic organisms that have biochemistry analogous to terrestrial organisms (aka us!). You have isolated the following compound that appears to be an intermediate in their urea cycle.  Based on this compound, and the excellent (ahem!) biochemical education you received in CHM 3280, predict the rest of the Virtualian Urea Cycle.  Provide structures and enzyme names, cofactors etc.

Firefly luciferase is the enzyme that allows fireflies to illuminate their abdomens. Because this light generation is an ATP-requiring reaction, firefly luciferase can be used to test for the presence of ATP. In this way, luciferase can test for the presence of life. The coupled reactions are

1.2.luciferin+O2ATP⇌⇌oxyluciferin+lightAMP+PPiΔG∘=−31.6 kJ/mol

If the overall ΔG∘ of the coupled reaction is -5.50 kJ/mol , what is the equilibrium constant, K, of the first reaction at 23 ∘C ?

1. An analogy of a rechargeable battery can be used to describe ATP. Explain this analogy in detail and evaluate whether this analogy is accurate.

2. RuBisCo is used by almost all photoautotrophs. It is believed to be the most important enzyme in the biosphere by many scientists. Defend or refute this claim. Be detailed.

3. Imagine you are a genetic engineer who is interested in plants as a method to fight climate change. What reactions and molecules in photosynthesis should you target? Explain.

Provide one way in which glutamine/glutamate could be regulated hormonally, in order to meet the needs of the organism. Start with the hormone that would be used to send the message to the liver cell that the blood glucose level is low, and run through the steps of the amplification cascade in the liver (a sketch with explanation would be useful), and conclude with one important target enzyme and indicate how it would be affected (activated? Inhibited? How?). Briefly explain the biochemical strategy of this regulation.