Below are a few paragraphs from Tough’s essay, “Who Gets to Graduate?” Please read each paragraph carefully. Then write a 1-2 sentence summary for each portion of the reading. “Listen” carefully to what Tough is saying and try your best to capture his argument.

…whether a student graduates or not seems to depend today almost entirely on just one factor — how much money his or her parents make. To put it in blunt terms: Rich kids graduate; poor and working-class kids don’t…When you read about those gaps, you might assume that they mostly have to do with ability…But ability turns out to be a relatively minor factor behind this divide.

Tough believes the student

[The University of Texas’] efforts are based on a novel and controversial premise: If you want to help low-income students succeed, it’s not enough to deal with their academic and financial obstacles. You also need to address their doubts and misconceptions and fears. To solve the problem of college completion, you first need to get inside the mind of a college student…“There are always going to be both affluent kids and kids who have need who come into this college,” Laude said. “And it will always be the case that the kids who have need are going to have been denied a lot of the academic preparation and opportunities for identity formation that the affluent kids have been given…”

Tough believes…

When you send college students the message that they’re not smart enough to be in college — and it’s hard not to get that message when you’re placed into a remedial math class as soon as you arrive on campus — those students internalize that idea about themselves.

Tough believes…

To the extent that the Stanford researchers shared a unifying vision, it was the belief that students were often blocked from living up to their potential by the presence of certain fears and anxieties and doubts about their ability. These feelings were especially virulent at moments of educational transition — like the freshman year of high school or the freshman year of college. And they seemed to be particularly debilitating among members of groups that felt themselves to be under some special threat or scrutiny: women in engineering programs, first-generation college students, African-Americans in the Ivy League.

Tough believes…

The negative thoughts took different forms in each individual, of course, but they mostly gathered around two ideas. One set of thoughts was about belonging. Students in transition often experienced profound doubts about whether they really belonged — or could ever belong — in their new institution. The other was connected to ability. Many students believed in what Carol Dweck had named an entity theory of intelligence — that intelligence was a fixed quality that was impossible to improve through practice or study.

Tough believes…

Read your summaries again. Then, in one sentence, write here what you believe Tough is arguing in your section of his essay.

Tough argues that…

hello, can you please answer this question. thank you

Choose 2 signs or symptoms that are characteristic of Hilda’s respiratory disease and link them to the pathophysiology of her condition (i.e., explain how the pathophysiological changes cause the signs and symptoms you specified).

below is given case study for this question. hope this help

Hilda Wilde is a 45-year-old woman who was diagnosed with asthma as a child. She recalls her first asthma attack being horrendous; chest tightness, difficulty breathing, wheezing, feeling anxious and sweating profusely. She was rushed to hospital and spent many days in hospital as a child until she managed to work out the triggers and control it early. The triggers for her asthma were cold temperatures, pollen, smoky environments and respiratory infections/colds, which continue to be the triggers throughout her adult life. She also developed hay fever and an allergy to penicillin in her 20’s, which didn’t surprise her as her mum also had these conditions.

One cold Spring day Hilda is outside gardening as she is finding herself stressed by the current coronavirus and gardening usually relaxes her. Hilda is making good progress on weeding when she starts to experience those dreaded sensations she knows only too well; tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and dizziness. She starts to wheeze and cannot stop coughing. Her husband notices Hilda is struggling and brings Hilda’s inhaler (Ventolin) for her. Hilda’s wheezing and shortness of breath does not ease off, even with her inhaler. She finds it hard to talk or get up and walk. Her lips start to turn blue. Hilda’s husband calls an ambulance and Hilda is taken to hospital where she is given corticosteroids. She is told she has to stay in hospital a few days so that her condition can be monitored. However, Hilda is worried about staying in hospital due to the novel coronavirus outbreak. Her GP has previously told her that if she contracts the virus, she is at a greater risk of developing more serious symptoms such as pneumonia or acute respiratory distress. The hospital staff have assured her that they take all the necessary precautions. All coronavirus affected patients are isolated in private rooms, and all healthcare staff practice proper hand hygiene and appropriate use of PPE.

A few days later, Hilda’s asthma is under control and she is discharged from hospital. She is told to take her preventer medicine every day, even when she is feeling well. She is also told to follow routine practices and precautions to lessen her risk of contracting coronavirus.

Suppose that you are part of the Management team at Porsche. Suppose that it is the end of December 2019 and a novel coronavirus that causes a respiratory illness was identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The illness was reported to the World Health Organization and there is heightened uncertainty around the Globe.

You (as part of the management team) are reviewing Porsche’s hedging strategy for the cash flows it expects to obtain from vehicle sales in North America during the calendar year 2020. Assume that Porsche’s management entertains three scenarios:

Scenario 1 (Expected): The expected volume of North American sales in 2020 is 35,000 vehicles.

Scenario 2 (Pandemic): The low-sales scenario is 50% lower than the expected sales volume.

Scenario 3 (High Growth): The high-sales scenario is 20% higher than the expected sales volume.

Assume, in each scenario, that the average sales price per vehicle is $85,000 and that all sales are realised at the end of December 2020. All variable costs incurred by producing an additional vehicle to be sold in North America in 2020 are billed in euros (€) and amount to €55,000 per vehicle. Shipping an additional vehicle to be sold in North America in 2020 are billed in € and amount to €3,000 per vehicle.

The current spot exchange rate is (bid-ask) $1.11/€ - $1.12/€ and forward bid-ask is $1.18/€ - $1.185/€. The option premium is 2.5% of US$ strike price, and option strike price is $1.085/€. Your finance team made the following forecasts about the exchange rates at the end of December 2020:

• bid-ask will be $1.45/€ - $1.465/€ if the investors (and speculators) consider the euro (€) a safe haven currency during the pandemic.
• bid-ask will be $0.88/€-$0.90/€ if the investors (and speculators) consider the U.S. dollar ($) a safe haven currency during the pandemic

3. As the CFO, you decided to hedge using option contracts. Assuming expected final sales volume is 35,000, what are your total benefit/cost and the percentage benefit/cost from hedging

(compared to no hedging)

1. if the exchange rate (bid-ask) remains at $1.11/€ - $1.12/€?
2. if the investors consider the U.S. dollar a safe haven currency during the pandemic?

4. Assume that the Scenario 2 (Pandemic) took place in 2020 and the euro became a safe haven currency during the pandemic. What are your cash flows if you did not hedge, hedged using forward contracts, and hedged using option contracts?   

5. Assume that the Scenario 2 (Pandemic) took place in 2020 and the U.S. dollar became a safe haven currency during the pandemic. What are your cash flows if you did not hedge, hedged using forward contracts, and hedged using option contracts?   

6. Based on the calculations in Part B, do you believe that it is a good policy to hedge Porsche’s currency exposure? Why?

Part #1: The Caribbean Club The Caribbean Club is one of the Virgin’s Islands/ hottest night spots. It’s a great place for locals to meet after work and relax with friends. It’s a popular destination for tourists why stay on the island, and it’s always on the list of fun entertainment choices for the crowds from the cruise ships that dock in the harbor. The reason the Club is so popular with such a variety of customers is because the founder of the club, Ross Stewart, always has such innovative and visionary ideas that delight the patrons. For example, every night of the week the Club features different activities or shows, including beach volleyball, Caribbean shows with calypso singers, would-class musicians who play steel drums, and other island entertainment. Since Ross was a former accountant and auditor with one of the largest public accounting firms in New Zealand, he is very accustomed to brainstorming sessions to generate ideas and surface concerns. He bought this practice with him to the Caribbean and holds brainstorming sessions with his “club associates” (Which is what he called all of the employees at the club) once every month to identify new and novel ideas to increase the popularity and profitability of the club. As you might imagine, the patrons of a night club are there to relax and enjoy themselves. So, the associates thought it would be great idea to somehow be able to recognize their regular patrons so that they wouldn’t have to trouble them with a bill every time a server came to their table with another round of drinks. After all, if the club wanted these people to “feel like they were at home with friends”, the patrons shouldn’t have to bother with trying to decide who owed what to pay the bill. So, Ross and his associated came up with the idea to implant their regular customers with an implantable microchip. The idea was to make the chip “fun”- to give an elite status so that their regular patrons would want to be implanted. To dramatize the elite status of the chip, Ross decided that the Club would have a special area where only those with chips. The “VIPs”, would be admitted. And of course, this area would have various exclusive services for these members. The chip would allow the VIPs to be recognized and to be able to pay for their food and drinks without any ID-they would simply pass by a reader and the Club would know who they are and their credit balance. Ross also wanted the information system supporting the chip to be a customer relationship management tool. Answer the following questions: 1. What do you think of this idea? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this idea for the Caribbean Club? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages for the patrons? 3. If you were a passenger on a cruise ship, or staying at a resort on the island, would you get the chip implanted? Why or why not?

Part #2: Vertical Markets and Accounting Information Needs • There are many vertical markets industries apart from industries discussed in chapter 11. Identify two additional vertical markets industries and explain what are the unique characteristics of these industries that affect their AISs?

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY "EXTERNAL SOURCE MENTIONED" PLAESE TELL ME SPECIFICALLY!!

Instructions: Read the case study, The Boy with No Restraint, on pages 137-139 in the textbook. Then complete the following sections of the diagnostic report. This assignment should be no more than 5 pages long

Client strengths: All clients have strengths. What are these client’s strengths and how could they benefit his recovery and continued good mental health?

Client limitations: What potential limitations does this client possess in terms of his recovery and continued good mental health?

Differentials: List three differentials for each disorder you are considering, why you considered it, and why you rejected it. Your differentials should be rational, not random. For example, do not use Alcohol Use Disorder as a differential when the diagnosis is Major Depressive Disorder. The client should exhibit some symptoms of the disorder you use as a differential, but not enough to qualify for the diagnosis.

Diagnosis: List all DSM-V diagnoses and specifiers for the client in the case. Some will have only one disorder, others will have multiple diagnoses.

Rationale for diagnosis: Looking at the DSM-V criteria for each final diagnosis you select, provide your rationale for selecting that diagnosis.

Case 2 The Boy With No Restraint

Sam is a nine-year-old African-American male who is new to a school that offers educational services for children who can no longer perform in an ordinary school setting. He came from an elementary school where he attended a special education program. He was referred to the specialized school because he continued to exhibit significant behavioral, social, emotional, and academic difficulties.

The prior public elementary school’s psychological report stated that Sam spent a majority of his time out of the classroom, either on suspension or in counseling sessions because of his behavior. The report also stated that he required physical restraint on a number of occasions and was recently so aggressive and dangerous that the school filed a complaint with the court asserting that he was out of control both at home and in school. No further information was available about the outcome of this referral to the courts, nor about the specifics of the behavior that warranted such a referral.

Sam lives with his mother, his three-year-old brother, paternal great-grandmother, and uncle in his great-grandmother’s home. The family recently moved from the home of Sam’s grandmother after a heated argument between Sam’s mother and her own mother. This is the third move and Sam’s fourth school in just three years. Sam’s father was shot to death a year ago (his mother was no longer with him at the time), and he has no contact with his father’s family except for his paternal great-grandmother. Sam did have a relationship with his paternal grandmother, but she passed away six months ago.

Sam’s mother completed the 11th grade, is currently unemployed, and collects Supplemental Security Income. It is unclear why Sam’s mother receives such assistance. Sam also has a 12-year-old half brother and a 10-year-old half sister. All the children have the same mother but different fathers, and the older children live with their paternal relatives.

Sam’s family had home-based services to assist with the difficulties they were experiencing, but the services were terminated several months ago because the agency lost all contact with Sam’s mother. The home-based worker stated her belief that Sam’s mother may have started a new relationship, and that in the past she has allowed her relationships with men to take away from her time with her children. The worker also stated that the unstable living situation and Sam’s mother’s mental state (which she believes may be persistent depressive disorder) make it difficult to work with the family on a consistent basis. Through the home-based services agency, Sam was connected with mental health counseling, but his attendance and participation were sporadic.

About a year ago, Sam took the Woodcock Johnson tests, which indicated that his reading, writing, and math skills were significantly delayed for his age, IQ, and educational level. His academic achievement is poor because of these delays. Because of his refusal to participate in a number of the tests, his IQ score could not be accurately identified, but the examiner estimated it to be in the range of 74 to 87.

Since the beginning of the school year Sam has continued to exhibit aggressive and dangerous behaviors. In a meeting with the behavior staff director of the school, the social work intern learned that Sam will have to be searched daily because of his many threats of bringing a knife or gun to school to kill staff. Sam has had to be physically restrained by staff at least a dozen times. The director stated that she would never restrain Sam alone and that it takes two to three staff to do so safely. In this same meeting, the director stated that Sam has attempted to stab staff with pencils and thumbtacks grabbed from hallway bulletin boards.

In locked restraint, Sam will kick the door and scream out obscenities. According to incident reports, Sam has spit at, lunged at, and attacked staff and has even tried biting. He tends to blame others for his behavior (“I’m in support because [staff member] said a bad word to me.”). He neither shows remorse for his behavior nor empathy toward people he has been angry with.

Sam’s teacher reports that he often has difficulty transitioning from one location to another or from one assignment to another. Sam refuses to complete his school assignments and will not accept redirection from his teacher. He often becomes verbally disrespectful toward her, but she reports he has not yet been physically aggressive. She does report that he often destroys property (ripping papers, breaking pencils, turning over chairs and desks) when upset and is known for tearing up his school worksheets when he does not want to work on them.

Sam currently spends a significant amount of time out of class because of his behaviors. He is falling behind in class work because of his absence from lessons and his refusal to participate. Not surprisingly, Sam doesn’t have friends because other children are scared of his out-of-control behaviors.

Sam’s mother is difficult to contact, and she doesn’t return telephone calls in a timely manner. She is guarded about sharing personal information. She attended the most recent individualized educational plan (IEP) meeting and reports that since Sam was a young child, she has seen similar behaviors at home. When Sam gets frustrated, he becomes verbally and physically abusive toward her.

Sam’s mother states that she has sought outside help to control Sam’s behavior. She attempted mental health counseling, but discontinued services because he refused to speak. Sam’s mother says that she is overwhelmed and has tried every punishment—spanking, sending him to his room, taking away privileges—but that none of her efforts has been successful in changing his behavior. She says that he does not seem depressed to her, just angry. Sam’s mother states that she has also called Juvenile Court to relinquish Sam. She was told to come in to complete the intake process but did not do so.

Sam presents as a well-dressed and well-groomed young boy. When he is not upset, he is engaging and very polite. He states that he enjoys coming to the sessions with the social work intern, and he plays games cooperatively, though with high energy, during these times. He shows particular interest in sports, especially basketball. He doesn’t bring up his deceased father or other aspects of his family life and shies away from questions about them, although he admits to feeling “sad” about his father’s and his grandmother’s deaths. He denies, however, that he is sad in general. He says he has not been sexually or physically abused, but says that in the past his mother and a couple of her boyfriends have “whipped” him but not left marks. Sam’s most recent physical examination, performed a year ago, confirms that he is in good health and particularly noted that he has a good appetite.

A motion picture industry analyst is studying movies based on epic novels. The following data were obtained for 10 Hollywood movies made in the past five years. Each movie was based on an epic novel. For these data, x₁ = first-year box office receipts of the movie, x₂ = total production costs of the movie, x₃ = total promotional costs of the movie, and x₄ = total book sales prior to movie release. All units are in millions of dollars.

(a) Generate summary statistics, including the mean and standard deviation of each variable. Compute the coefficient of variation for each variable. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Relative to its mean, which variable has the largest spread of data values?

x₄

x₃    

x₂

x₁

Why would a variable with a large coefficient of variation be expected to change a lot relative to its average value? Although x₁ has the largest standard deviation, it has the smallest coefficient of variation. How does the mean of x₁ help explain this?

A variable with a large CV has large s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a small mean.

A variable with a large CV has large s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a large mean.    

A variable with a large CV has small s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a large mean

.A variable with a large CV has small s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a small mean.

(b) For each pair of variables, generate the correlation coefficient r. Compute the corresponding coefficient of determination r². (Use 3 decimal places.)

Which of the three variables x₂, x₃, and x₄ has the least influence on box office receipts?

x₄

x₃   

x₂

What percent of the variation in box office receipts can be attributed to the corresponding variation in production costs? (Use 1 decimal place.)
_________________%

(c) Perform a regression analysis with x₁ as the response variable. Use x₂, x₃, and x₄ as explanatory variables. Look at the coefficient of multiple determination. What percentage of the variation in x₁ can be explained by the corresponding variations in x₂, x₃, and x₄ taken together? (Use 1 decimal place.)
_____________ %

(d) Write out the regression equation. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Explain how each coefficient can be thought of as a slope.

If we hold all explanatory variables as fixed constants, the intercept can be thought of as a "slope."

If we look at all coefficients together, each one can be thought of as a "slope."    

If we look at all coefficients together, the sum of them can be thought of as the overall "slope" of the regression line.

If we hold all other explanatory variables as fixed constants, then we can look at one coefficient as a "slope."

If x₂ (production costs) and x₄ (book sales) were held fixed but x₃ (promotional costs) were increased by 0.6 million dollars, what would you expect for the corresponding change in x₁ (box office receipts)? (Use 2 decimal places.)________________


(e) Test each coefficient in the regression equation to determine if it is zero or not zero. Use level of significance 5%. (Use 2 decimal places for t and 3 decimal places for the P-value.)

Conclusion

Reject the null for β₃ and β₄. Fail to reject the null for β₂.

Reject the null for β₂ and β₃. Fail to reject the null for β₄.   

Reject the null for all tests.

Reject the null for β₂ and β₄. Fail to reject the null for β₃.

Explain why book sales x₄ probably are not contributing much information in the regression model to forecast box office receipts x₁.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is different than 0. Thus it does not belong in the model.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is not different than 0. Thus it does not belong in the model.    

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is different than 0. Thus it belongs in the model.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is not different than 0. Thus it belongs in the model.

(f) Find a 90% confidence interval for each coefficient. (Use 2 decimal places.)

(g) Suppose a new movie (based on an epic novel) has just been released. Production costs were x₂ = 11.4 million; promotion costs were x₃ = 4.7 million; book sales were x₄ = 8.1 million. Make a prediction for x₁ = first-year box office receipts and find an 85% confidence interval for your prediction (if your software supports prediction intervals). (Use 1 decimal place.)

(h) Construct a new regression model with x₃ as the response variable and x₁, x₂, and x₄ as explanatory variables. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Suppose Hollywood is planning a new epic movie with projected box office sales x₁ = 100 million and production costs x₂ = 12 million. The book on which the movie is based had sales of x₄ = 9.2 million. Forecast the dollar amount (in millions) that should be budgeted for promotion costs x₃ and find an 80% confidence interval for your prediction.

A motion picture industry analyst is studying movies based on epic novels. The following data were obtained for 10 Hollywood movies made in the past five years. Each movie was based on an epic novel. For these data, x₁ = first-year box office receipts of the movie, x₂ = total production costs of the movie, x₃ = total promotional costs of the movie, and x₄ = total book sales prior to movie release. All units are in millions of dollars.

(a) Generate summary statistics, including the mean and standard deviation of each variable. Compute the coefficient of variation for each variable. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Relative to its mean, which variable has the largest spread of data values?

x₃

x₁     

x₄

x₂

Why would a variable with a large coefficient of variation be expected to change a lot relative to its average value? Although x₁ has the largest standard deviation, it has the smallest coefficient of variation. How does the mean of x₁ help explain this?

A variable with a large CV has large s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a large mean.

A variable with a large CV has small s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a large mean.    

A variable with a large CV has small s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a small mean.

A variable with a large CV has large s relative to x. Here, x₁ has a small CV because we divide by a small mean.

(b) For each pair of variables, generate the correlation coefficient r. Compute the corresponding coefficient of determination r². (Use 3 decimal places.)

Which of the three variables x₂, x₃, and x₄ has the least influence on box office receipts?

x₃

x₂     

x₄

What percent of the variation in box office receipts can be attributed to the corresponding variation in production costs? (Use 1 decimal place.)
%

(c) Perform a regression analysis with x₁ as the response variable. Use x₂, x₃, and x₄ as explanatory variables. Look at the coefficient of multiple determination. What percentage of the variation in x₁ can be explained by the corresponding variations in x₂, x₃, and x₄ taken together? (Use 1 decimal place.)
%

(d) Write out the regression equation. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Explain how each coefficient can be thought of as a slope.

If we hold all explanatory variables as fixed constants, the intercept can be thought of as a "slope."If we look at all coefficients together, each one can be thought of as a "slope."     If we hold all other explanatory variables as fixed constants, then we can look at one coefficient as a "slope."If we look at all coefficients together, the sum of them can be thought of as the overall "slope" of the regression line.

If x₂ (production costs) and x₄ (book sales) were held fixed but x₃ (promotional costs) were increased by 0.7 million dollars, what would you expect for the corresponding change in x₁ (box office receipts)? (Use 2 decimal places.)


(e) Test each coefficient in the regression equation to determine if it is zero or not zero. Use level of significance 5%. (Use 2 decimal places for t and 3 decimal places for the P-value.)

Conclusion

Reject the null for β₂ and β₃. Fail to reject the null for β₄.

Reject the null for all tests.     

Reject the null for β₂ and β₄. Fail to reject the null for β₃.

Reject the null for β₃ and β₄. Fail to reject the null for β₂.

Explain why book sales x₄ probably are not contributing much information in the regression model to forecast box office receipts x₁.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is different than 0. Thus it belongs in the model.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is not different than 0. Thus it does not belong in the model.     

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is not different than 0. Thus it belongs in the model.

From the previous tests, we can conclude that the coefficient for x₄ is different than 0. Thus it does not belong in the model.

(f) Find a 90% confidence interval for each coefficient. (Use 2 decimal places.)

(g) Suppose a new movie (based on an epic novel) has just been released. Production costs were x₂ = 11.4 million; promotion costs were x₃ = 4.7 million; book sales were x₄ = 8.1 million. Make a prediction for x₁ = first-year box office receipts and find an 85% confidence interval for your prediction (if your software supports prediction intervals). (Use 1 decimal place.)

(h) Construct a new regression model with x₃ as the response variable and x₁, x₂, and x₄ as explanatory variables. (Use 2 decimal places.)

Suppose Hollywood is planning a new epic movie with projected box office sales x₁ = 100 million and production costs x₂ = 12 million. The book on which the movie is based had sales of x₄ = 9.2 million. Forecast the dollar amount (in millions) that should be budgeted for promotion costs x₃ and find an 80% confidence interval for your prediction.

Aggregation

1. List the following about history books: number of history books, the minimum price, maximum price, and average sales. The format of output is: "Number" "Min Price" "Max Price" "Average Sale"

2. List the number of books and the average number of pages published by pub_id 01.

3. For each book type, list the the number of books and the average price. Sort the results by the number of books

Functions

4. List the name(s) of the publisher(s) that published the book with the shortest title name.

5. For each author, list the author id, area code, and the phone number without the area code.

DROP TABLES IF EXISTS Artists,Genre, Members, Titles, Tracks,SalesPeople,Studios,XrefArtistsMembers;
DROP TABLES IF EXISTS Authors,Publishers,Titles,Title_Authors,Royalties;
DROP TABLES IF EXISTS Products,Customers,Orders,Order_details;
DROP TABLES IF EXISTS Sailors,Boats,Reserves;

CREATE TABLE Authors
  (
  au_id    CHAR(3)     NOT NULL,
  au_fname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
  au_lname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
  phone    VARCHAR(12)         ,
  address  VARCHAR(20)         ,
  city     VARCHAR(15)         ,
  state    CHAR(2)             ,
  zip      CHAR(5)             ,
  CONSTRAINT pk_Authors PRIMARY KEY (au_id)
  );

CREATE TABLE Publishers
  (
  pub_id   CHAR(3)     NOT NULL,
  pub_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
  city     VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
  state    CHAR(2)             ,
  country  VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
  CONSTRAINT pk_Publishers PRIMARY KEY (pub_id)
  );

CREATE TABLE Titles
  (
  title_id   CHAR(3)      NOT NULL,
  title_name VARCHAR(40)  NOT NULL,
  type       VARCHAR(10)          ,
  pub_id     CHAR(3)      NOT NULL,
  pages      INTEGER              ,
  price      DECIMAL(5,2)         ,
  sales      INTEGER              ,
  pubdate    DATE                 ,
  contract   SMALLINT     NOT NULL,
  CONSTRAINT pk_Titles PRIMARY KEY (title_id)
  );

CREATE TABLE Title_Authors
  (
  title_id      CHAR(3)      NOT NULL,
  au_id         CHAR(3)      NOT NULL,
  au_order      SMALLINT     NOT NULL,
  royalty_share DECIMAL(5,2) NOT NULL,
  CONSTRAINT pk_Title_Authors PRIMARY KEY (title_id, au_id)
  );

CREATE TABLE Royalties
  (
  title_id     CHAR(3)      NOT NULL,
  advance      DECIMAL(9,2)         ,
  royalty_rate DECIMAL(5,2)         ,
  CONSTRAINT pk_Royalties PRIMARY KEY (title_id)
  );

INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A01','Sarah','Buchman','718-496-7223',
  '75 West 205 St','Bronx','NY','10468');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A02','Wendy','Heydemark','303-986-7020',
  '2922 Baseline Rd','Boulder','CO','80303');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A03','Hallie','Hull','415-549-4278',
  '3800 Waldo Ave, #14F','San Francisco','CA','94123');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A04','Klee','Hull','415-549-4278',
  '3800 Waldo Ave, #14F','San Francisco','CA','94123');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A05','Christian','Kells','212-771-4680',
  '114 Horatio St','New York','NY','10014');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A06','','Kellsey','650-836-7128',
  '390 Serra Mall','Palo Alto','CA','94305');
INSERT INTO Authors VALUES('A07','Paddy','O''Furniture','941-925-0752',
  '1442 Main St','Sarasota','FL','34236');

INSERT INTO Publishers VALUES('P01','Abatis Publishers','New York','NY','USA');
INSERT INTO Publishers VALUES('P02','Core Dump Books','San Francisco','CA','USA');
INSERT INTO Publishers VALUES('P03','Schadenfreude Press','Hamburg',NULL,'Germany');
INSERT INTO Publishers VALUES('P04','Tenterhooks Press','Berkeley','CA','USA');
INSERT INTO Publishers VALUES('P05','PTR Press','Los Angeles','CA','USA');



INSERT INTO Titles VALUES('T01','1977!','history','P01',
  107,21.99,566,'2000-08-01',1);
INSERT INTO Titles VALUES('T02','200 Years of German Humor','history','P03',
  14,19.95,9566,'1998-04-01',1);
INSERT INTO Titles VALUES('T03','Ask Your System Administrator','computer','P02',
  1226,39.95,25667,'2000-09-01',1);
INSERT INTO Titles VALUES('T04','But I Did It Unconsciously','psychology','P04',
  510,12.99,13001,'1999-05-31',1);
INSERT INTO Titles VALUES('T05','Exchange of Platitudes','psychology','P04',
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show tables;

6. List the author names in the form <first initial>, period, space, <last name>, e.g. K. Hull. Order the results first by last name, then by first name. Only list the authors who have both a first name and a last name in the database.

CASE STUDY 8.1 - AMAZON'S SILENT RISE TO THE TOP

Amazon, the Seattle-based Internet retailer, was started in 1994 as the 'Earth's biggest bookstore'. Besides selling books, the company has diversified into selling music and entertainment, as well as apparel, furniture, food, toys and jewellery. In recent years, the company has also added cloud infrastructure services to its remit and has become a producer of digital content, including Amazon Kindle, e-book readers, Fire tablets and Fire TV. Over the years, Amazon has slowly but steadily built its brand and reputation. Far from being just an online retailer, Amazon has become a true digital innovator, rivalling the likes of Google and Apple in its innovative prowess. The company is constantly innovating new digital products and offers a breadth of digi­tal services, ranging from marketplaces bringing buyers and sellers of local services together to e-book lending services. This constant innovation of products that are, upon launch, almost immediately in high demand stems from founder Bezos' vision for creating what he calls the 'world's most consumer-centric company'.

Corporate Silence

When he started Amazon in 1994, Jeff Bezos' personal traits - a competitive spirit, a loathing of taxes and government intrusion, a lack of sentimentality and a mistrust of the media - proved to be the perfect foundation for a young start-up that quickly gained ground. Those values appear to be, however, still very much alive in the company today. despite the fact that the company has become far bigger in size. In fact, Amazon is these days somewhat notorious for its lack of communication with the media. Some say that most of its communication efforts are not out in the open, but take place behind closed doors in the form of its communication staff lobbying legislators to pass, for example, favourable legislation on transporting Amazon pack­ages through drones in the air and through longer delivery trucks on the ground. This may well be the case, as its media relations demonstrate a largely stony, silent effort. The company does not appear to be pushing its stories into the media, nor does it often seem compelled, even in the face of ongoing media criticism, to respond. This way of handling the press is perhaps not unique to Amazon; Apple, Google and other high-tech giants often say very little in the press. This may work when trying to keep new products under wraps, but it is perhaps less effective when the company is being criticized or attacked in the media, with its reputation hanging in the balance.

An Ongoing Dispute in Book Publishing

A recent issue that flared in the media was the struggle between Amazon and the Hachette book group. Hachette was very vocal on the negotiation and its fight, with Amazon saying very little. The issue involved the difference of opinion on the royalty payment for Amazon and the pricing of e-books, which were no longer set but open for discussion. Amazon did not want to abide by the price that was set by Hachette, so that it, in effect, can decide itself on the appropriate pricing of books. This, however, would affect authors who would see their profits dwindle, and could in some cases not even make a profit at all. When the dispute continued, Amazon eliminated discounts and delayed the delivery time for books provided by Hachette, badly affecting the sales of Hachette books and pushing customers away for those titles. Throughout the dispute, Amazon remained largely silent, even when many well-known authors, readers and loyal customers waded in. In a post on its website, the company did, however, release a brief formal statement in which it declared that 'we are not optimistic that this will be resolved soon', seeing the issue as at the heart of its business model and the future of the publishing industry. In the same post, Amazon also oddly enough criticized the media for its `narrow' coverage of the dispute with Hachette, but had undertaken no media efforts of its own to balance out such coverage.

A Great Place to Work?

A second issue that emerged in the media in 2015 was a critique of the company's corporate culture. The New York Times published a scathing critique of a competitive and intense workplace environment faced by Amazon's white-collar employees. Whilst earlier coverage had detailed the conditions for workers in its warehouses. the New York Times feature documented what it saw as cruelty towards employees in the company's corporate headquarters, including gruelling working conditions and the rather harsh, even bullying, treatment of staff suffering personal crises, such as cancer and miscar­riage. Confronted by the article, communication staff did not immediately respond to The New York Times or to the general media who, following the feature, had also started to write about the work conditions at Amazon. Jeff Bezos did, however, issue an internal e-mail to employees, saying that the article 'claims that our intentional approach is to create a soulless, dystopian workplace where no fun is had and no laughter heard'. Bezos writes: 'I don't recognize this Amazon and I very much hope you don't, either ... I strongly believe that anyone working in a company that really is like the one described in the NYT would be crazy to stay. I know I would leave such a company'. In the e-mail, he also encourages staff to report the kind of negative experiences and management practices reported in the New York Times feature: 'Even if it's rare or isolated, our toler­ance for any such lack of empathy needs to be zero.' Whilst the company has remained largely silent on the external front, the vice president of corporate affairs for Amazon, Jay Carney, interestingly did post a message on Medium a few months after the New York Times piece was first published. In it, he criticizes the lead journalist for not checking her sources and for offering a rather one-sided account of Amazon's corporate culture. Carney also writes that through all their conversations with the lead journalist on the arti­cle, they 'were repeatedly assured that this would be a nuanced story that dove into what makes Amazon an exciting and fun place to be, not just a demandingplace to work'.

Apart from the question of what conditions at its headquarters may really be like, these two recent cases do reveal an interesting fact about Amazon. In contrast to what its steady rise in terms of the value of its brand and reputation would suggest, the company has been operating a very minimal approach to its media relations. Its record in terms of pushing stories in the press shows that Amazon has done very little of the kind, and equally when issues emerge in the media - such as the two issues described in this case - the company often remains silent, and for a prolonged period of time. It seems that communication practitioners in the company believe - and they may, at times, be right - that too strong a response to such issues may escalate them even further, turning them into real talking points in the public domain and affecting the company's reputation in turn. At the same time, with such a tacit response there is a real risk of such issues lingering and turning into a real crisis for the company, which may be one reason why, after a few months of silence, the company's vice-present of corporate affairs tried to set the record straight on the New York Times article.

QUESTION

1. In your point of view, what are the potential risks and rewards for Amazon in staying out of the limelight, in response to media coverage on its business conduct? (10m)

Reading JAMAICA KINCAID (b. 1949)

"Girl"

Raised in poverty by her homemaker mother and car- penter stepfather on the small Caribbean island of Antigua, Elaine Potter Richardson was sent to the United States to earn her own living at age seven- teen, much like the protagonists of her first novels, Annie John (1983) and Lucy (1990). Working as an au

pair and receptionist, she earned her high-school equivalency degree and studied pho- tography at the New School for Social Research in New York and, briefly, Franconia College in New Hampshire. Returning to New York, she took the name of a character in a George Bernard Shaw play, at least in part out of resentment toward her mother, with whom she had once been very close. After a short stint as a freelance journalist, Kincaid worked as a regular contributor to the New Yorker from 1976 until 1995, in 1979 marry- ing its editor’s son, composer Allen Shawn, with whom she would eventually move to Bennington, Vermont and raise two children. “Girl,” her first published story, appeared in the New Yorker in 1978 and was later republished in her first collection, At the Bottom of the River (1983). Subsequent novels include The Autobiography of My Mother (1996), paradoxically the least autobiographical of her books; Mr. Potter (2002), a fictionalized account of her efforts to understand the biological father she never knew; and See Now Then (2013). Kincaid’s equally impressive nonfiction includes My Brother (1997), a mem- oir inspired by her youngest brother’s death from AIDS, and A Small Place (1988), an essay exploring the profound economic and psychological impact of Antigua’s depen- dence on tourism. Divorced in 2002, Kincaid is currently Professor of African and Afri- can American Studies in Residence at Harvard.

2. May he rest in peace (Latin).

Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry; don’t walk barehead in the hot sun; cook pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil; soak your little cloths right after you take them off; when buying cotton to make yourself a nice blouse, be sure that it doesn’t have gum on it, because that way it won’t hold up well after a wash; soak salt fish overnight before you cook it; is it true that you sing benna1 in Sunday school?; always eat your food in such a way that it won’t turn someone else’s stomach; on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slot (replace o with u) you are so bent on becoming; don’t sing benna in Sunday school; you mustn’t speak to wharf-rat boys, not even to give direc- tions; don’t eat fruits on the street—flies will follow you; but I don’t sing benna on Sundays at all and never in Sunday school; this is how to sew on a button; this is how to make a buttonhole for the button you have just sewed on; this is how to hem a dress when you see the hem coming down and so to prevent yourself from looking like the slot (replace o with u) I know you are so bent on becoming; this is how you iron your father’s khaki shirt so that it doesn’t have a crease; this is how you iron your father’s khaki pants so that they don’t have a crease; this is how you grow okra—far from the house, because okra tree harbors red ants; when you are growing dasheen, make sure it gets plenty of water or else it makes your throat itch when you are eating it; this is how you sweep a corner; this is how you sweep a whole house; this is how you sweep a yard; this is how you smile to someone you don’t like too much; this is how you smile to someone you don’t like at all; this is how you smile to someone you like completely; this is how you set a table for tea; this is how you set a table for dinner; this is how you set a table for dinner with an important guest; this is how you set a table for lunch; this is how you set a table for breakfast; this is how to behave in the presence of men who don’t know you very well, and this way they won’t recognize imme- diately the slot (replace o with u) I have warned you against becoming; be sure to wash every day, even if it is with your own spit; don’t squat down to play marbles—you are not a boy, you know; don’t pick people’s flowers—you might catch something; don’t throw stones at blackbirds, because it might not be a blackbird at all; this is how to make a bread pudding; this is how to make doukona;2 this is how to make pepper pot; this is how to make a good medicine for a cold; this is how to make a good medicine to throw away a child before it even becomes a child; this is how to catch a fish; this is how to throw back a fish you don’t like, and that way something bad won’t fall on you; this is how to bully a man; this is how a man bullies you; this is how to love a man, and if this doesn’t work there are other ways, and if they don’t work don’t feel too bad about giving up; this is how to spit up in the air if you feel like it, and this is how to move quick so that it doesn’t fall on you; this is how to make ends meet; always squeeze bread to make sure it’s fresh; but what if the baker won’t let me feel the bread?; you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won’t let near the bread?

Help with these questions:

1. Describe the focus or focalization in "Girl." Do we see what one person sees, or observe one person in particular? Describe the voice of the narrator in "Girl." Who is the "you"? How do the focus and voice contribute to the reader's response to the story?

2. Look closely at the indications of time in the story. What actions take place at certain times? Does any event or action happen only once? Is there a plot in "Girl"? If so, how would you summarize it?

3. The instructions in "Girl" have different qualities, as if they come from different people or have different purposes. Why are two phrases in italics? Can you pick out the phrases that are more positive from the girl's point of view? Are there some that seem humorous or ironic?

4. What genre is “Girl”?  Is it a short story, essay, or something else?  Classify the text and justify your answer.  Use third person to answer all four questions and quote and/or paraphrase as necessary.