9. The process of DNA replication creates a particular problem for replicating the ends of linear chromosomes.
a) Describe why the DNA replication machinery has difficulty replicating DNA ends.

b) Telomerase has been identified as an enzyme that can reverse the outcome of end replication.
Describe the near-universal mammalian chromosome telomere sequence and how telomerase solves the problem of end replication.

We will assay enzyme activity at 340 nm. The molar absorbance is higher at 260, meaning we can detect three times less cofactor. Why don’t we use that wavelength? If you had to pick the worst possible wavelength to monitor, what would it be more context: doing assays after purifying proteins from animal tissue. Testing for enzymatic activity

2) The primary benefits of anaerobic training come from increased strength and improved enzyme function. Conversely, aerobic training induces significant changes to the cardiovascular system including increase in heart size (cardiac hypertrophy) and function. Explain how this adaptation in heart structure changes resting and submaximal stroke volume and heart rate, and how those changes relate to VO2.

The allele "D" would be cleaved three times by EcoRI, resulting 4 fragments: 839, 262, and 215 bp, 151 bp. The allele with the “d” would be cleaved twice by EcoRI, resulting in 3 fragments: 753 bp, 512 bp, 202 bp.

a) If a plant has a genotype of DD, and the sample was digested with EcoRI. How many fragments do you have? And How many bands do you see on the gel electrophoresis for this sample?

b) If a plant has a genotype of Dd, and the sample was digested with EcoRI. How many fragments do you have? And how many bands do you see on the gel electrophoresis for this sample?

c) If a plant has a genotype of dd, and the sample was not digested by any enzyme. How many fragments do you have? And how many bands do you see on the gel electrophoresis for this sample?

d) If a plant has a genotype of Dd, and the sample was not digested by any enzyme. How many fragments do you have? And how many bands do you see on the gel electrophoresis for this sample?

41) Osmosis is the driving force for all the following except:

      a)water return to blood in venous capillaries       b) water reabsorption in the nephron collecting ducts

      c) neuronal propogation of an action potential    d) ovulation

42) The chemical that transmits an action potential across a synapse is called a(n):

     a)ion pump b) electron transporter c) neurotransmitter d)hormone

43) The type of enzyme that can cut double-stranded DNA is called

      a)a restriction enzyme b)a transposon c)a ligase d)a DNA polymerase

44) A genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal mutation is

      a) color blindness b)hemophilia c)Down’s syndrome d)cystic fibrosis

45) Meiosis occurs in a)all reproductive organs b) all tissues, to some extent   c)gonads only   d) ovaries only

46) The following type(s) of muscle is (are) nerve-dependent: a)striated b)smooth c)cardiac d)all the above                             

47) All of the following are adrenal steroids except a)aldosterone b)cortisol c)ACTH d)DHEA

Suppose you wish to be outstanding in your field by studying plant cell biology. You discover a new strain of wild lima bean plants from Costa Rica that is resistant to being killed by a hydrophobic pesticide. Which one of the following states the most reasonable hypothesis that could explain the nature of the pesticide resistance?

A) Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the plant nuclear genome. A nuclear gene encoding an enzyme involved in the dark reactions might confer resistance by degrading the pesticide.

B) In the resistant strain, the plant cell wall might contain a novel phospholipid that binds to the pesticide and prevents its entry into the plant cells.

C) The endoplasmic reticulum in the leaf cells of the resistant strain might contain a mutant version of a cytochrome P450 enzyme that helps to remove the pesticide from the membrane.

D) The resistant strain has mutations in actin that inhibit the development of pluripotent cells in the stem, re. This results in active transport of the pesticide via LDL particles interacting with coated pits on the mitochondrial thylakoid membranes.

E) None of the above

Is bipedalism a uniquely human trait? What makes us morphologically human and different? Expound on the uniqueness of humans compared to some of our closest relatives. Think behavior, neurological, social etc.?

1. What impact did the Cold War have on progress in human rights?

2. What is soft power versus hard power?

3. Which human rights treaties has the United States ratified?