True or False for all

1. Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbons, reducing the number of hydrogen atoms that can be bound to the structure

2. The triglycerides found in food contain a combination of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids

3. Triglycerides must be broken down into smaller components for absorption; after they are absorbed, they are resynthesized back into triglycerides to be transported around the body

4. A chylomicron contains diet-derived triglycerides and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine.

5. B-oxidation is the process of cleaving a fatty acid into two carbon segments and converting them to acetyl-CoA.

6. Ketone bodies can be produced as a result of fat metabolism, and an overreliance on fat metabolism can result in ketosis, which has been shown to be beneficial for optimal athletic performance.

7. During prolonged steady-state exercise (as with marathon running), there is a reduced reliance on carbohydrate and an increased dependence on fat oxidation for energy.

8. The percentage of energy derived from fat metabolism increases as activity and exercise intensity increases

9. Caffeine may increase the mobilization of fatty acids during exercise, but it does NOT appear to improve performance due to increased fat metabolism.

10. The daily recommendation of fat is independent of the other macronutrients and total energy

11. If done correctly, a reduction in dietary fat intake can be a strategy that results in the safe loss of body fat

12. Olives, sesame seeds, and flax seeds all contain fat

13. The typical American diet is usually too high in fat for an athlete in training

14. Both caffeine and carnitine supplementation have been shown to be effective for improving endurance performance and high-intensity activities lasting up to 20 minutes.

15. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements have been shown to reduce inflammation in athletes.

Transcription and Translation

1. Double strand of DNA:

5’-ATGTACCAGCATTCTCGATACCCT-3’

3’-TACATGGTCGTAAGAGCTATGGGA-5’

mRNA strand made from the DNA: 5’-AUGUACCAGCAUUCUCGAUACCCU-3’

a) Which strand of the DNA is the template for mRNA synthesis? Select the correct answer: i. 5’ – 3’ ii. 3’ – 5’ (0.5 points)

b) Draw an arrow on the DNA above, to show the direction of transcription i.e. in which order the nucleotides were added to create mRNA. (0.5 points)

c) What is the peptide sequence of this piece of mRNA? There is a codon table at the end of this assignment you might find useful! And don’t forget the start codon. (1 point) 2. Template Strand of DNA: 5’-AATGTCACGAGATGAGTTCAT-3’

a) Write out the mRNA sequence made from this piece of DNA, making sure you list the 5’ end first. Remember, nucleic acids are created in the 5’-3’ direction. (1 point)

b) What is the peptide sequence of this piece of mRNA? (1 point) 2

3. Template Strand of DNA: 5’-CGATTGGCCACGCATGACTAA-3’

a) Write out the mRNA sequence made from this piece of DNA, making sure you list the 5’ end first. Remember, nucleic acids are created in the 5’-3’ direction. (1 point)

b) What is the peptide sequence of this piece of mRNA? (1 point)

4. Non-Template (coding) strand of DNA: 3’-CCAATATACGGTCTATGCGGT-5’

a) Write out the mRNA sequence, making sure you list the 5’ end first. Remember, nucleic acids are created in the 5’-3’ direction. (1 point)

b) What is the peptide sequence of this piece of mRNA? Hint: what was my advice in the lecture video in this situation. (1 point) /8 3

1. Myristoyl-CoA is a saturated fatty acid with 14 carbons attached to coenzyme A. How many molecules of ATP would be generated from the complete oxidation of a single molecule of myristoyl-CoA? Important notes: Recall that the investment of 2 ATP is required to generate Myristoyl-CoA from myristate. Do not include these 2 ATP in your calculations of ATP yield. Assume that each molecule of NADH corresponds to 2.5 ATP synthesized, and each molecule of FADH₂ leads to 1.5 ATP synthesized.

2. What are TWO major differences between glucokinase (expressed in the liver) and hexokinase (expressed in most other tissues)?

a. Glucokinase has a lower affinity for glucose than hexokinase.

b. Glucokinase has a higher affinity for glucose than hexokinase.

c. Glucokinase is allosterically activated by glucose, hexokinase is not.

d. Glucokinase is allosterically inhibited by glucose, hexokinase is not.

e. Hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate, glucokinase is not.

3. To which anabolic pathway in the liver do fatty acids NOT contribute?

a. They are incorporated into liver fat droplets and could cause fatty liver disease.

b. They are exported into the bloodstream as fatty acids bound to serum albumin.

c. They are incorporated into lipoproteins and exported into the bloodstream.

d. They contribute to synthesizing new glucose via gluconeogenesis.

4. What is an important piece of evidence suggesting that fermentation is an important source of energy during high-intensity exercise?

a. Gluconeogenesis is activated in the liver

b. Phosphocreatine levels drop in the muscle

c. ATP levels drop in the muscle

d. pH levels drop in the blood

5. Which of the pathways below is NOT a major source of energy for a 1,000m foot race?

a. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids

b. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation of glycogen

c. ATP from lactate fermentation in the muscle

d. ATP regenerated from phosphocreatine

AMP is synthesized in a two-step reaction sequence involving inosinic acid, ATP and glutamine.

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Question 801 pts

During starvation when gluconeogenesis increases to maintain the levels of blood glucose, the metabolism of glutamate to glucose-6-phosphate is enhanced.

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Question 811 pts

Measurement of blood ammonia level is a sensitive test of kidney function.

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Question 821 pts

The increase of glycogenolysis in muscle produced by epinephrine may be attributed to the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a.

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Question 831 pts

Glucagon targets primarily on liver to increase glycogen degradation.

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Question 841 pts

The formation of glucose 6-phosphate renders the entry of glucose into most cells almost irreversible (i.e. staying intracellular).

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Question 851 pts

Before fatty acids can be oxidized, they must be activated for reactions. This activation process is catalyzed by acyl carrier protein.

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Question 861 pts

In the oxidation of fatty acids, transportation of activated fatty acids into mitochondria requires the reaction with carnitine.

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Question 871 pts

The breakdown of the fatty acid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH via the β-oxidation pathway would yield three moles acetyl units and one mole propionyl unit.

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Question 881 pts

In the biosynthesis of fatty acid, the acyl group carrier for the biosynthetic reaction is acyl carrier protein.

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When might a firm’s human resources be seen as an organizational strength? When might a firm’s human resources be seen as a weakness?

Distinguish between corporate, business, and functional strategies. How does corporate and business-level strategies relate to human resource management?

Using Porter’s competitive strategies, how would you describe the business-level strategies of Coles Supermarkets and David Jones? Illustrate your answer with examples.

1.Each DNA base pair weighs, on average, 650 grams/mol. There are 3 billion base pairs in one haploid human genome. How much does one haploid human genome weigh? (Avogadro’s number is 6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mole)

2.How many human genome equivalents are in 20 ng of cfDNA?

Please show how you got to your answer

this semester we have gone over in detail theories of human nature that managers might assume in trying to understand the worker they manage. Describe ALL three theories. In your view, are they really theories of "human nautre" or are they really descriptions of three kinds of organizations or organizational structure that produce one kind of 'human nautre' or another ? you must justify your answer with examples with either personal experience or reference current events

QUESTION 1

Continuous changing of the economic, technological and political conditions caused the Human Resource Managers of the future facing more problems in the management of labor. The Human Resource Managers of today may find themselves outdated in the future due to changes in the environment if they do not update themselves some of the important challenges. If you are the Human Resource Manager, detail out the threats or challenges that would arise and suggest strategies to overcome those challenges.  

QUESTION 1

Continuous changing of the economic, technological and political conditions caused the Human Resource Managers of the future facing more problems in the management of labor. The Human Resource Managers of today may find themselves outdated in the future due to changes in the environment if they do not update themselves some of the important challenges. If you are the Human Resource Manager, detail out the threats or challenges that would arise and suggest strategies to overcome those challenges.  

Prepare a 900- to 1,150-word paper in which you discuss the life span perspective of human development. Be sure to include the following items in your description:

• Summarize three theories related to human growth and development and identify at least one influential theorist for each.
• Identify aspects of the life span perspective.
• Explain how heredity and the environment influence human development.

Use a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.