Assume that you have a solution of 0.1 M glucose 6-phosphate. To this solution, you add the enzyme Phosphoglucomutase, which catalyzes the following reaction:

The ΔG0’ for the reaction is +1.8 kcal mol-1. (a) Does the reaction proceed as written? If so, what are the final concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate?

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is an enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. In response to increasing fatty acid levels, ACC activity

increases and the number of R form subunits increase, decreases and the number of T form subunits increase, increases and the number of R form subunits decrease, or decreases and the number of T form subunits decrease.

For each enzyme, state the kind of ribosome on which it’s made (cytosolic or RER). If it’s made on a RER ribosome, state the final destination of the protein in the endomembrane system:

- Glucose Na+ symporter
- Actin, which polymerizes into actin filaments, aka microfilaments
- A mature acid hydrolase that will function as an intracellular peptidase

Thank you!

Coronavirus has the enzyme __________

(A. Reverse Transcriptase, B. Replicase, C.DNA polymerase, D. RNA polymerase),

which is a ______________

(A. RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase, B. DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase, C. DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase, RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase.

This allows it to make new copies of its genetic material.

Genetic mutations occasionally occur in the genes for glycolytic enzymes. If a particular mutation occurred in which a serine was substituted for a proline in the protein sequence, what are three distinctly different hypothetical effects that could arise from this mutations that could result in reduced enzyme activity? Please justify your hypothesis using molecular terms.

1.

Which of the following is TRUE about the functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? There may be more than one answer.

Select one or more:

a. ANP increases the glomerular filtration rate by binding at the afferent arteriole to cause the walls to vasoconstrict.

b. ANP binds at the posterior pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of ADH into the blood.

c. ANP binds at the adrenal cortex to suppress the secretion of aldosterone.

d. ANP binds at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to suppress the Na⁺ reabsorption.

e. ANP binds at the juxtaglomerular apparatus to suppress the secretion of renin.

f. All of the above

2.

Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction for diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP₃)?  

Select one:

a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bind to Alpha 1 receptors to activate protein kinase C at the cell membrane.

b. Phospholipase C, an amplifier enzyme, converts membrane phospholipid into two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.

c. Inositol triphosphate remains in the cell membrane and activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylate other proteins for cellular response.

d. Diacylglycerol diffuses from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm to activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to secrete calcium into the cytosol for cellular response.

3.

Which of the following statements associated with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is TRUE?

Select one:

a. The granular cells of the afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, an enzyme, when the afferent arteriole detects a lower blood pressure.

b. The liver cells would secrete angiotensinogen which is converted by the renin into angiotensin I.

c. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is an enzyme secreted by the lungs.

d. Angiotensin II can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction and stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

e. Aldosterone binds at the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to promote the production of Na⁺ channels and the opening of Na⁺ channels in order to increase the Na⁺ reabsorption which will increase the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume while it will decrease the urine flow rate.

f. All of the above

g. None of the above

______   1.) A Membrane is a boundary that ________ to move across it:

1. Allows all substances
2. Does not selectively control which substances
3. Prevents all substances
4. Selectively controls which substances

______   2.) Membrane foundation is formed by the:

1. Chromosomes
2. Enzymes
3. Phospholipids (lipid bilayer)
4. Proteins

______   3.) Lipid bilayer Does permit water soluble substances to pass through it into the cell:

1. False                                             b.) True

______   4.) Fluid Mosaic Model describes the organization of:

1. Cellular membranes
2. Cellular membrane lipids only
3. Cellular membrane proteins only
4. Chromosomes and DNA

______   5.) ________ serve as control points for substances entering or leaving the cell:

1. Carbohydrates                                  c.) Nucleic acids
2. Lipids                                                d.) Proteins

______   6.) Phospholipids in a membrane can _______ but cannot ________.

1. Move back and worth; sideways
2. Flip-flop; move laterally
3. Move laterally; flip-flop
4. Sideways; move laterally

______   7.) Membrane protein that spans both sides of the membrane – provides a passage way:

1. Enzymatic
2. Glycoprotein
3. Integral protein
4. Peripheral

______   8.) Receptor Proteins

1. Attachment of cells to one another or extracellular matrix
2. Binding of signal molecules such as hormones
3. Identifier of cell types ( individual or species)
4. Glycoproteins and glycolipids play a role in identification

______   9.) An example of a cell surface marker is a:

1. Carbohydrate
2. Glycoprotein
3. Lipid
4. Phospholipid

______ 10.) Active Transport Proteins:

1. Channel between cells for rapid movement (heart)
2. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
3. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration
4. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration

______ 11.) Passive Transport Proteins:

1. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
2. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration
3. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
4. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration

______ 12.) Diffusion is:

1. Movement of like molecules down a concentration gradient (high to low)
2. Movement of like molecules up a concentration gradient (low to high)
3. Movement of molecules requiring energy (ATP)
4. Movement of molecules requiring energy (GTP)

______ 13.) Osmosis is:

1. Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
2. Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane requiring energy (ATP)
3. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
4. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane requiring energy (ATP)

______ 14.) Hypertonic Solution outside the red blood cell as described in lecture:

1. Solutes move into the cell causing it to swell (and possibly burst)
2. Water moves into the cell causing it to swell (and possibly burst)
3. Solutes moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (crenate)
4. Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (crenate)

______ 15.) Passive Transport is important to the cell as it allows the cell to take up additional molecules of a substance at concentrations higher than the extracellular environment:

1. True
2. False

______ 16.) Endocytosis – large molecules must:

1. Enter the cell by use of a vesicle                c.) Enter the cell by use of an integral protein
2. Exit the cell by use of a vesicle                   d.) Exit the cell by use of an integral protein

______ 17.) Anabolic Pathways:

1. Consume energy to build complex molecules from smaller ones
2. No energy is involved in this reaction
3. Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones
4. Use of heat to run biological reactions

______ 18.) Energy is:

1. Capacity to do work (capacity to cause change)
2. Capacity to do no work (capacity to cause no change)
3. Use of heat to run biological reactions

______ 19.) Kinetic Energy is:

1. Energy of motion
2. Heat
3. Light used to run Photosynthesis
4. Stored Energy

______ 20.) Cat sleeping on his(her) cat pole is an example of:

1. Kinetic energy
2. Light energy
3. Nuclear energy
4. Potential energy           

______ 21.) Which is Not part of the1^st Law of Thermodynamics states:

1. Energy can be transferred from one form to another
2. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
3. Energy of the universe stays constant (same)
4. Energy increases spontaneously

______ 22.) 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics states:

1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another
2. Energy increases spontaneously
3. Matter cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another
4. Matter increases spontaneously

______ 23.) Exergonic reaction:

1. Energy in
2. Energy out
3. No energy is needed for the reaction to occur
4. Only heat is needed for the reaction to occur

______ 24.) The energy carrier of the cell is:

1. ATP
2. ADP + P
3. Glucose
4. Pyruvate

______ 25.) Reactant or Substrate is the substance that:

1. Enters the metabolic reaction or pathway
2. An intermediate in the metabolic reaction or pathway
3. Is left at the end of the reaction or pathway
4. Type of enzyme

______ 26.) Enzyme is:

1. Catalyst                                            c.) Polysaccharide
2. Decreases the reaction rate           d.) All of the above

______ 27.) Activation energy:

1. Maximum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
2. Minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
3. No energy is required

______ 28.) An Enzyme works by ________ the Activation Energy:

1. Decreasing
2. Increasing
3. Not affecting

______ 29.) Active site is where the ________ binds:

1. Allosteric regulator
2. Enzyme
3. Product
4. Substrate (reactant)

______ 30.) Extremely high temperature (boiling) results in a protein being:

1. Activated
2. Denatured
3. Not affected

______ 31.) Allosteric control – molecule that attaches to the enzyme:

1. Binds to the active site
2. Binds to another site other than the active site changing enzyme activity
3. Does not need to bind to the enzyme to change activity

______ 32.) In Feedback Inhibition, (the) ________ binds to the allosteric site:

1. All molecules involved in the reaction
2. Enzyme
3. Product
4. Substrate (reactant)

______ 33.) Life on Earth as we know it would not be possible without the oxygen produced by:

1. Anaerobic respiration
2. Fermentation
3. Photosynthesis
4. Respiration

______ 34.) ____________ Photosynthesis does not produce oxygen:

1. Anerobic
2. Anoxygenic
3. Fermentation
4. Oxygenic

______ 35.) Photoautotrophs:

1. Obtain their organic nutrients from decomposers
2. Obtain their organic nutrients from other organisms
3. Use the energy of iron and other inorganic molecules to produce organic molecules
4. Use the energy of sunlight to produce organic molecules

______ 36.) Heterotrophs:

1. Consumers and require an outside source of food
2. Consumers and do not require an outside source of food
3. Self- feeders that cannot make their own food
4. Self-feeders that make their own food

______ 37.) Photosynthesis takes place in the:

1. Chloroplast
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosome
4. Peroxisome

______ 38.) Photosynthesis occurs in 3 Steps; which is NOT one of the steps:

1. Capturing light from sunlight
2. Using this energy to make ATP and NADPH; releases oxygen
3. Using this energy to breakdown glucose to carbon dioxide
4. Production of sugars (glucose; organic molecules)

______ 39.) Pigments:

1. Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
2. Absorb light energy for respiration
3. Use ATP from the breakdown of glucose for photosynthesis
4. Use ATP from the breakdown of glucose for respiration

______ 40.) Major photosynthetic pigment(s) found in all organisms:

1. Anthocyanins                         c.) Chlorophyll a
2. Carotenoids                           d.) Chlorophyll b

______ 41.) Accessory pigments:

1. Broadens, compliments or adds the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for photosynthesis
2. Broadens, compliments or adds the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for respiration
3. Decrease the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for photosynthesis or respiration
4. Function independently of the chlorophyll pigments

______ 42.) Which are the products of photosynthesis?

1. Carbon dioxide and water
2. Glucose (sugar) and carbon dioxide
3. Glucose (sugar) and oxygen

______ 43.) Light Dependent Reaction occurs in:

1. Cytoplasm
2. Mitochondria inner membrane
3. Stroma
4. Thylakoid (Grana)

­­­­­­­­

______ 44.) Product(s) of the Light Dependent or Light Reaction are:

1. ATP
2. NADPH
3. Oxygen
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

______ 45.) ATP’s produced in the Light Dependent or Light Reaction are:

1. Directly from sunlight
2. Electron transport chain on the thylakoid membrane
3. Enzymatic transfer of P (phosphate) from glucose
4. Substrate level phosphorylation

______ 46.) Calvin-Benson Cycle occurs in:

1. Cytoplasm
2. Mitochondria inner compartment
3. Stroma
4. Thylakoid

______ 47.) Product(s) of the Calvin-Benson Cycle:

1. ATP
2. Glucose
3. Oxygen
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

______ 48.) Main Photosynthetic Enzyme is:

1. Glycolate oxidase
2. PEP carboxylase
3. Phosphofructokinase
4. RuBISCO

______ 49.) Photorespiration is beneficial to the plant allowing it to be more efficient:

1. True                                           
2. False

______ 50.) Photorespiration occurs mainly in:

1. All plants
2. C3 plants                                    
3. C4 plants                        
4. CAM plants

Should countries with weak human rights records be placed under economic embargoes, or some type of political or economic sanction? Can the world community both respect national sovereignty and press counties for greater human rights? How is this best done, and what are the roles of government, of the UN, and of nongovernmental human rights organizations?

Iron is an important item for the growth of microorganisms in a pathogenic state in the human body. Describe two ways in which bacteria might attempt to obtain iron from human cells or tissues for their own use. Then, describe a way in which this bacterial iron-scavenging might be disrupted without harming the human cells/tissues in the process.

• Why is the chimp different from the human brain case (the part of the skull containing the brain)?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the teeth?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the face, including the jaws?
• What similarities do you see in the skull anatomy, if any, between humans and the chimp's?