Describe the process by which the information in a gene is transcribed and translated into a protein. Correctly use these words in your description (and highlight them as bold text in your submission):

• tRNA
• amino acid
• start codon
• transcription
• mRNA
• gene
• codon
• RNA polymerase
• ribosome
• translation
• anti-codon
• peptide bond
• stop codon

A protein you are studying is believed to have a beta barrel secondary structure that consists of several duplicate hydrophobic amino acid sequence repeats. What potential analytical issues would you encounter in the purification and analytical assessment of this type of protein and would you anticipate using detergents to help solubilize this protein (explain)?

What kind of chromosomal rearrangements move DNA from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome?

By way of the wobble, one molecule of _____ can complement more than one _______.

1. a) The term ‘amyloid’:

1. Was coined by the German physician, Alois Alzheimer
2. Generally refers to protein aggregates of any form
3. Protein aggregates that stain similarly to the polysaccharide, cellulose when exposed to iodine.
4. None of the above.

1. b) Which of the following is true about Tay Sachs disease? Choose all that apply.

1. It results from an abnormal accumulation of the enzyme, HexA in lysosomes.
2. It results in the abnormal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside inside lysosomes.
3. It is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 15.
4. It can be caused when the HexA enzyme fails to get phosphorylated on one of its sugar residues.
5. It results in the abnormal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside inside the Golgi.
6. It can be caused when the HexA enzyme fails to get glycosylated in the ER.

1. c) Which of the following is not a common symptom or outcome of some forms of Tay Sachs disease?

1. Seizures
2. Low muscle tone
3. Death before age 5
4. Poor vision
5. None of the above

1. d) There are three major types of physiological consequences of protein misolfing.When a mutant protein misfolds and gets degraded in proteasomes, this is called a ____________.

1. gain of toxic function
2. loss of function
3. infectious misfolding
4. dual toxicity

2. a) Mutations in the protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin cause (choose all that apply):

1. it to accumulate in the ER of hepatocytes
2. the release of proteases that damage liver tissue
3. the uninhibited activity of a protease that damages lung tissue
4. prohibit its proper localization to lung tissue

2. b) True or False. Individuals who experience gradual onset of Tay Sachs symptoms are likely to be heterozygous for a HexA mutation.

1. True
2. False

An epedemic is spreading form human to human. A hospital counts on the start of the epidemic 100 infected patients visiting on one day. One day later the number of patients coming is 300. Calculate the time constant of the spreading of the disease and calculate when the first infected entered the population. We estimate that the epidemic is controllable by a medicine, a single dose. How many doses do we need if the epidemic is spreading for 14 days?

MicroRNAs have an important function in gene regulation. What endoribonuclease is responsible for cleaving pre-miRNA into dsRNA (1 point)

What is the name of the enzyme that cleaves pre-miRNA into an 80-nucleotide precursor (1 point)?

Describe how miRNA can suppress gene expression (3 points)

Consider the synthesis of a hydrolytic enzyme that functions in the lumen of a lysosome.  Describe the pathway through which this protein is synthesized.  Start with the beginning of translation on a ribosome in the cytosol, and end as the protein becomes active in the lumen of the lysosome.  Emphasize the locations in the cell that the protein passes through as it is synthesized and the signals that control the localization of the protein

1.) How does pH influence oxygen binding ?

2.) describe the following enzyme and what type of reaction they catalyze