Chapter 7 is about Acids and Bases and Chapter 8 is about Oxidation Reduction. Write on one topic Antacids or Batteries. Choose 4 products, check the labels, list the active ingredients, and discuss in reasonable detail its use, side effects or toxicity, precaution and proper disposal

For each of the following side chain interactions in a protein, give an example of two amono acids that interact that way and draw a structure that illustrates the interaction.

a. Hydrophobic interaction, b. Metal ion coordination, c. Covalent bond (in the side chain), d. Hydrogen bonding, e. Salt bridge

a) One international unit of an enzyme is defined as the amount that catalyzes:

A. The formation of one millimole of product in one minute.

B. The formation of one micromole of product in one minute.

C. The formation of one mole of product in one minute.

D. The formation of one micromole of product in one hour.

b) Which of the following expressions is used for determination of K_m?

A. Vo at 1/2 V_max

B. [S] at 1/2 V_max

C. [P] at 1/2 V_max

D. [S] at V_max

c) A protein mixture having MWs of 2, 23, and 40 kilodaltons (kDa) was separated by size exclusion chromatography. Which protein will elute first? Last? Why?

3. The kinetics of an enzyme are studied in the absence and presence of an inhibitor (A). The intial rate is given as a function of substrat concentration in the table.

(a) What kind oof competitor is inhibition is involved (competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive)? [Please Provide Graph]

(b) Determine Vmax and Km in the absence and presence of the inhibitor.

How do changes in pH affect the activity of an enzyme?

When DNS is added to your tubes, in the amylase activity experiment, what becomes reduced and what oxidized?

You take 400 μl of a stock solution of maltose of 4 mg/ml and mix it with water to make a final volume of 1000 μl. What is the final concentration of maltose in the tube now?

How can we calculate the retention factor (Rf) in chromatography?

1. The effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme was tested and the experiment gave the results below. Plot on Excel the data using a double-reciprocal plot (Lineweaver-Burke), determine K_m and V_max of the no inhibitor and each type of inhibitor and the type of inhibition that is occurring.

[S] µM      V (µmol/min) V (µmol/min) V (µmol/min)

                  with 0.0 nM    with 25 nM     with 50 nM

                  Inhibitor          Inhibitor          Inhibitor

______      ___________ ___________ ___________

                     0.4          0.22                0.21                 0.20

                     0.67        0.29                0.26                 0.24

                     1.00        0.32                0.30                 0.28

                     2.00        0.40                0.36                 0.32

14. Contemporary organisms on planet earth encode their design information using nucleic acids polymers that have four different monomers. These monomers are read three at a time to produce tool polymers – made up of a different kind of monomer. [This is a straightforward case of combinatorial coding of information.] This means that the number of different monomers in the tool polymer could, in principle, be 64. In practice, this number is actually 20 – because different nucleic acid monomer triplets (called “codons”) are read as NOT different. [Such codons that are not distinguished from one another are said to be “degenerate”.] If nucleic acids had three different monomers instead of four, triplet codons could encode 27 different tool monomer units, in principle. This would be plenty of coding capacity for the 20 different tool monomers that are actually used. In view of this, which of the following is the most likely explanation for the fact that contemporary organisms use four NOT three nucleic acid monomers?

1. It is an historical accident, of no mechanistic importance.
2. There were originally more than 27 tool monomers, but some have been lost in the evolution of contemporary organisms.
3. Double stranded nucleic acids (like the DNA double helix) wouldn’t be stable with only three different bases.
4. The requirement that nucleic acids replicate themselves means that they must have an even number of monomers (2, 4, 6, etc).

15. When an organism has two copies of each piece of design information, we refer to this state by which of the following terms? (Choose the most specific term.)

1. haploid
2. diploid
3. asexual
4. somatic

16. When an adult sexual organism (“parent” here) makes a gamete (egg or sperm) she/he places one copy of each chromosome into the gamete. This chromosome is chosen at random from the two copies this parent has – one received, in turn, from its father and one from its mother (the “grandparents” here). This process of choosing one of these two chromosomes is referred to specifically by which of the following technical terms?

1. crossing over
2. recombination
3. independent assortment
4. random mating

One file java program that will simulate a game of Rock, Paper, Scissors. One of the two players will be the computer. The program will start by asking how many winning rounds are needed to win the game. Each round will consist of you asking the user to pick between rock, paper, and scissors. Internally you will get the computers choice by using a random number generator. Rock beats Scissors, Paper beats Rock, and Scissors beats Paper. You will report the win, loss, or tie and continue with another round. Repeating until either the user or the computer has won the correct number of times first. Please output what the user and computers choice is each time and give a running score total as the game goes on.

Output should look like:

Welcome to my game of Rock, Paper, Scissors!
How many winning rounds are needed for victory? :3

Round# 1
Enter 0=rock, 1=paper, 2=scissors:0

Human : Rock Computer : Rock
Draw, try again
Total Score: Human 0 Computer 0

Round# 2
Enter 0=rock, 1=paper, 2=scissors:1

Human : Paper Computer : Rock
Human wins this round
Total Score: Human 1 Computer 0

Round# 3
Enter 0=rock, 1=paper, 2=scissors:2

Human : Scissors Computer : Paper
Human wins this round
Total Score: Human 2 Computer 0

Round# 4
Enter 0=rock, 1=paper, 2=scissors:0

Human : Rock Computer : Rock
Draw, try again
Total Score: Human 2 Computer 0

Round# 5
Enter 0=rock, 1=paper, 2=scissors:0

Human : Rock Computer : Scissors
Human wins this round
Total Score: Human 3 Computer 0

It took 5 rounds, but you won!
Goodbye, play again sometime

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

1)Your first job was to schedule a VO₂max test for Vinnie to examine his aerobic fitness. After repeating the assessment several weeks later after an intensive training block, you notice that VO₂max has dropped, but there has been an increase in VT₂. Please discuss why VO₂max decreased and what impact both changes will have on performance?

2)Out of interest, you decide to measure Vinnie’s gross mechanical efficiency during cycling (i.e., the ratio of work accomplished to energy expended). You determine that he is 21.9% efficient. Please explain what efficiency is a measure of, where does this value sit within normal efficiency data and why you are unlikely to see values much higher (e.g., 50%)?

3)Within the alveoli, the partial pressure of O₂ is reduced from that measured in the outside air (160 mmHg) to approximately 105 mmHg.

1. What three factors contribute to this reduction in P_AO₂?

What values do you expect to observe in PO₂ and P_AO₂ when Vinnie is cycling at the peak of Stelvio Pass (barometric pressure = 543 mmHg)?

What impact would the change in P_AO₂ have on Vinnie’s performance?

4)

The longest leg of the race is 228 km, during which energy intake is critical. Glycolysis and β-oxidation are processes that break down carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and fatty acids, respectively.

1. Individually, what is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of palmitate?
2. How did you reach these numbers (i.e., substrate yield and use)?

Based on what you know about the yield and speed of these two pathways, do you recommend Vinnie ingest glucose or fatty acids during the race? (Hint, remember the cross-over concept)

5)

You recommend that Vinnie performs altitude training as part of his preparation for the race, a training approach that is novel to him.

1. What physiological changes would you expect in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?
2. How will the physiological changes influence performance in the short (i.e., acute), and long-term (i.e., chronic)?

6)

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

1. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance

7)

Given that the average distance of each leg is 170.5 km in distance, and sometimes undulating in elevation, you understand that fatigue is inevitable. The energy depletion model of fatigue focuses around the concept that depleted substrates are just one source of fatigue, particularly observed in muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine stores.

1. As an aerobic event, why do you expect depletion in glycogen and phosphocreatine?
2. Why, specifically, is it crucial to replenish muscle glycogen stores prior to the next leg?

8)

As the event is soon approaching, parts of Hungary are experiencing a heatwave. Indeed, temperatures may exceed 32° Celsius during the first leg of the race leaving Budapest.

1. Will the ambient temperature have any impact on Vinnie’s performance?

In terms of thermoregulation, what physiological changes are likely to occur during this leg of the race?

The presence of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and fiber in ________ make them nutritionally superior to supplements.

Salmon and sardines, walnuts, flaxseed and flaxseed oil, soybean and canola oil are abundant in