Q.Explain the flaws in the following analysis or conclusion. (Note that this is not about chi-squared test per se, perhaps, it is about what a statistical analysis (hypothesis testing in this case) can tell us and what it cannot) Background - The Scholarship Committee comprises 3 faculty members, one of whom is Professor X. Professor X also wrote recommendation letter for 5 students who took his class earlier and four of them were awarded scholarships (out of a total of six scholarships awarded to graduate students). A student who applied but was not awarded a scholarship accused Professor X of favoritism, claiming that he/she was denied a scholarship despite having a very high GPA because he/she did not take class under Professor X and had declined him/her a recommendation letter. The student then did following statistical analysis as an evidence of favoritism . The student runs a Chisq-test and his result shows not independent between students who took class under Professor X and Students got scholarship. H0: students who get scholarship is independent with whether they have taken class under Professor X H1: not independent # Let total number of students who applied for scholarship is 70, and only 5 people get the scholarship, conservatively estimate only 3 out of 5 students took Class with ProfessorX, the other two selected did not take Class with ProfessorX # chisquare test shows the p-value <0.05, thus we reject H0 at .05 level and conclude students who got scholarship was affected by whether they have class under Professor X #student in addition tests , how about the total applicants were 60, or 80? and find out either case we reject H0, they are not independent.

Q.Explain the flaws in the following analysis or conclusion. (Note that this is not about chi-squared test per se, perhaps, it is about what a statistical analysis (hypothesis testing in this case) can tell us and what it cannot) Background - The Scholarship Committee comprises 3 faculty members, one of whom is Professor X. Professor X also wrote recommendation letter for 5 students who took his class earlier and four of them were awarded scholarships (out of a total of six scholarships awarded to graduate students). A student who applied but was not awarded a scholarship accused Professor X of favoritism, claiming that he/she was denied a scholarship despite having a very high GPA because he/she did not take class under Professor X and had declined him/her a recommendation letter. The student then did following statistical analysis as an evidence of favoritism . The student runs a Chisq-test and his result shows not independent between students who took class under Professor X and Students got scholarship. H0: students who get scholarship is independent with whether they have taken class under Professor X H1: not independent # Let total number of students who applied for scholarship is 70, and only 5 people get the scholarship, conservatively estimate only 3 out of 5 students took Class with ProfessorX, the other two selected did not take Class with ProfessorX # chisquare test shows the p-value <0.05, thus we reject H0 at .05 level and conclude students who got scholarship was affected by whether they have class under Professor X #student in addition tests , how about the total applicants were 60, or 80? and find out either case we reject H0, they are not independent.

Contemporary Canadian Business Law. Chapter 4 (pg.78) Case 6

Jonas purchased a picnic basket at a hardware store in a nearby shopping mall. The basket was not wrapped by the sales clerk at the conclusion of the transaction. Jonas carried his new basket with him to a supermarket located in the same mall, where he intended to purchase a quantity of grapefruit. At the produce counter he could not find grapefruit on display, and asked the clerk if the store had any in stock. The clerk offered to check in the storage room for him. While he waited for the clerk to return, Jonas picked a quantity of grapes from a display case and ate them. A few moments later, the clerk returned to inform him that all the grapefruit had been sold.
As Jonas left the store, he was seized by the store owner and requested to return to the owner’s office. Jonas obediently followed him back inside the store. Once inside the owner’s office, the owner accused Jonas of theft; then, without further explanation, telephoned the police. When the police officer arrived, the store owner informed him that Jonas was a thief and that he had apprehended him just outside the store. Jonas admitted eating the grapes, then to his surprise, he discovered that the owner had apprehended him because he (the owner) thought Jonas had stolen the picnic basket.
Both the supermarket and the hardware store sold similar baskets; even on close examination, the products appeared identical. With the aid of the sales clerk at the hardware store, Jonas was able to convince the police officer that he had purchased the basket which he had in his possession.
He later decided to bring an action against the owner of the supermarket for false imprisonment. Discuss the issues raised in this case and determine the respective arguments of the parties. Render a decision.

• Review the case study below:

On the second day of eighth grade, an older girl shoved Emily into the road. Thinking she was playing, Emily shoved her back. Rumors began circulating within the school, and Emily gained a reputation as being aggressive. The older girl was part of a group of girls who continued to spread rumors about Emily; they also began stalking her during gym class. Some of the teachers, believing the rumors about Emily, accused her of bullying the other girl, and cautioned her parents about her behavior.

Roughly once every 2 weeks, Emily's parents would meet with the principal to try to convince him that Emily was the victim. No one in authority admitted that bullying existed at the school. Nothing was done.

For 3 years, the bullying continued with silent phone calls, threats, and occasional physical incidents. Each time after Emily or her parents complained, the teachers would glare at her in the hallway. After the bully graduated, the rest of the group of girls continued the bullying. Once, when they cornered Emily against the wall, a teacher approached them and threatened Emily with further punishment if she continued her behavior. The teacher then sent the other girls back to class.

• Analyze the scenario in the case study using either SCT or social networks and social supports by considering how the model or theory you selected might be used to explain and address the bullying behavior in the scenario.   

By Day 4

Post an explanation of how SCT or social networks and social supports might explain the bullying behavior in the case study. Then explain how the bullying behavior might be addressed within the framework of the theory or model you selected. Support your response with specific references to the Learning Resources.

Read a selection of your classmates’ postings.

Three spectators attending an Arizona Diamondbacks baseball game are hit by a flying bat and sue the Diamondbacks. The Diamondbacks would use the ____________ defense to support why they are not liable for damages.

B. assumption of risk.

A. contributory negligence.

D. proximate cause.

C. comparative negligence.

E. actual cause.

Paul filed a lawsuit for false imprisonment against Dan’s Bookstore. During a visit to Dan’s Bookstore, Dan stopped Paul as he left the store. Dan accused Paul of stealing a book from the store. After briefly looking into Paul’s shopping bag, Dan determined that Paul did not shoplift. He apologized to Paul and released him. On these facts, Dan will likely:

A. win the case, because the shopkeepers’ privilege statute gives store merchants full and unconditional immunity (protection) from such lawsuits.

B. lose the case, because Paul did not shoplift.

D. lose the case, because Dan did not have a warrant.

C. win the case, but only if a court or trier of fact concludes that Dan had reasonable cause to believe Paul may have shoplifted, detained him for a reasonable time, and in a reasonable manner.

Marcus is a bartender at a local bar. He drops a glass bottle on the floor and does not clean it up right away because the bar is so busy, but he intends to clean it up as soon as he can. Marcus, as well as the bar owner, would likely be liable for:

C. no damages because Marcus intends to clean up the glass.

D. no damages because customers assume the risk of stepping on potentially dangerous things when they go to a bar.

A. the injuries caused to anyone who cut themselves on the glass.

B. damages from a fire caused by sunlight that is magnified through shards of the broken glass left on the floor.

(1) Suppose a population numbers in the millions. If one takes a random sample from that population of an appropriate size to meet normality assumptions, the mean of the sample will be the same as the mean of the population.

Select one:

a. always true

b. always false

c. may be true, but unlikely

d. may be false, but unlikely

(2)

The mode of a probability distribution is the least likely outcome.

Select one:

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

(3)

“I think there is an 80% chance of me passing this exam” is an example of a

Select one:

a. joint probability.

b. normal probability.

c. conditional probability.

d. none of the above

(4)

A point of uncertainty is represented by a square.

Select one:

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

(5)

Branches are connected by squares only.

Select one:

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

(6)

A decision tree is a graphic representation of a problem.

Select one:

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

(7)

Mary has 2 parcels of oil producing property. If Mary can drill on only one property, her decision tree has how many branches?

Select one:

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

(8)

Branches may be connected by circles and squares.

Select one:

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

(9)

Once a decision has been made and there are no additional consequences nor more decisions to be made, this is indicated by

Select one:

a. a vertical line at the end of the branch

b. a horizontal line at the end of the branch

c. a circle at the end of the branch

d. none of the above

(10 )

The events in a decision tree from the eyes of the decision maker unfold from

Select one:

a. right to left

b. left to right

c. down to up

d. up to down

pendix E: Kytrina Casio Information

For your fifth client, your boss wants you to prepare Form 1040, Schedule A, B, and

supporting forms (e.g., 4684) for Kytrina Casio for the most recent tax year.

Facts: Kytrina is a 30-year old single person. She is a graphic artist who also works in

an antique store on weekends. For last year, she had the following information:

T

axpayer:

Kytrina Casio

123 Park Avenue

Flowers, TX

75000

Social Security No.

123-45-6789

INCOME

:

W-2 from 1

st

employer

Gross wages income:

$13,164

Federal Withholding

921

W-2 from 2d employer

Gross wages income:

50,000

Federal withholding

9,500

Interest income from bank

132

Interest income from brokerage firm

2,100

Ordinary "qualified" dividends from large U.S. corporation:

3,000

POSSIBLE DEDUCTIONS

:

Mortgage interest paid

6,700

State and local income taxes paid

1,400

Charitable contributions to a 501(c)(3) charity

1,800

Casualty loss, her garage, located in a federally declared

disaster area, was destroyed by the disaster. Cost and fair

market value were:

9,000

Insurance pay out for the garage disaster loss:

3,000

Property taxes on her home

2,600

Using these facts, prepare Form 1040, Schedules A, and B for Kytrina for the most

recent year for which there is a form (this is almost always the year prior to the present

year). Remember to consider both the standard deduction vs. itemized deduction. Also,

you may need other forms, such as the 4684 and instructions

Which of the following questions is addressed in concept generation?

Multiple Choice

• What are the needs of customers?

• Why do customers have needs?

• How will customers’ needs be fulfilled?

• When will customers’ needs be fulfilled?   

__________ is the extent to which a prototype approximates the _________ user experience.

Multiple Choice

• Decomposition, actual

• Decomposition, imagery

• Fidelity, imagery

• Fidelity, actual   

A customer _________ curve is a graphic depiction of a new product’s relative performance across key attributes comparing it with existing offerings in the market.

Multiple Choice

• value

• blueprint

• trade-off

• satisfaction

A question that is asked in user interaction-based decomposition is ______.

Multiple Choice

• How might some attributes be eliminated?

• How might some activities be eliminated?

• How might new activities be introduced?

• How might new attributes be introduced?

All of the following are to be considered in concept selection EXCEPT ______.

Multiple Choice

• wow factor

• feasibility

• profit margin

• need fulfillment

A prototype of a new product that allows the team to collect the maximum amount of learning about customer preferences with the least amount of effort is called a ______.

Multiple Choice

• maximum viable product

• minimum viable product

• maximum valued product

• minimum valued product

A(n) ______ tests a minimum viable product for a very limited time only.

Multiple Choice

• fake door

• fake back-end

• one-night stand

• impersonator

Which of the following is the way to forecast sales of a new product or service?

Multiple Choice

• Market size × Fraction "definitely buy" × Fraction "probably buy"

• Market size × Awareness probability

• Market size × Purchase probability

• Market size × Purchase probability × Awareness probability   

COURSE: OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

Case Study B.R Investments is a reputed finance company having 15 branches in different part of the country. In the home office there are more than 200 employees. This company has a performance rating under which the employees are rated at six months intervals by a committee of two executives. Graphic scales have been used as means of appraisal. The qualities considered are responsibility, initiative, and interest in work, leadership potential, co-operative attitude and community activity. After the performance is evaluated, the ratings are discussed with the concerned employees by their immediate boss who counsels them. The ratings aroused to influence promotions and salary adjustments the employees and also as a criterion for assigning further rating for them. Recently three employees of the company called on the company’s president to express their dissatisfaction with the ratings they had received. Their scores and composite ratings had been discussed with them. Because their ratings were comparatively low, they had been denied annual increments in salary. Approximately, two thirds of all the employees received such increments. The aggrieved employees argued that their ratings did not accurately represent their qualifications or performance. They insisted that “community activity” was not actually a part of their job and that what they do off the job is none of the company’s business. They expressed their opinion that employees should organize union and insist that salary increase be automatic. The threat of a union caused concern to the officers of the company. This particular experience convinced the top officers that ratings may represent a serious hazard to satisfactory relationship with employees. Even the chief executive finds that performance appraisal is a dangerous source of friction and its hazards outweigh its values; so it should be discontinued altogether.

Questions: 2. If you were the HR manager, how would you tackle the situation?

Problem 2

You are curious about whether you can enhance the ability to hear differences between nonnative speech sounds when people learn a new language. You test your novel language training procedure on a group of 32 pariticipants using a pretest/posttest design. The pretest and the posttest measure performance as the number of correct trials out of 100. The data are shown on the right. Does the new language training procedure improve the perception of nonnative speech sounds?

Use the four-step hypothesis testing procedure described in class, formatted as in the sample assignment. In addition, calculate 1) the effect size and 2) confidence interval associated with the data. Show your work.