Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactate in vertebrate muscle tissue. This conversion allows the muscles to continue carrying out glycolysis because

Group of answer choices The decarboxylation of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD+, which maintains redox balance. The reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NADH, which maintains redox balance. None of the other choices is correct. The decarboxylation of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NADH, which maintains redox balance. The reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD+, which maintains redox balance.

Trypanosomes living in the bloodstream obtain all their free energy from glycolysis. They take up glucose from the host’s blood and excrete pyruvate as a waste product. In this part of their life-cycle, trypanosomes do not carry out any oxidative phosphorylation, but they do use another oxygen dependent pathway, which is absent in mammals, to oxidize NADH.

Why is this other pathway necessary?

Would the pathway be necessary if the trypanosomes excreted lactate rather than pyruvate?

Why would this pathway be a good target for antiparasitic drugs?

1.) a key reaction in glycolysis is the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone into gylceraldehyde-3-phosphate. dhap<> G-3-P Delta G = 7.5 kj/mol

a.) whis is favored in this equilibrium, DHAP OR G-3-P?

B.) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 25 degrees C.

C.) in the cell depletion of G-3-P makes the reaction proceed. what will delta G be if the temperature concentration of G-3-P is always kept 1/100 of the concentration of DHAP at a temp of 37 degrees C?

74. Under actual cellular conditions, how many strongly exergonic reactions take place in glycolysis?

71. For every starting molecule of glucose, how many NTPs are made directly in the Citric Acid Cycle (not including any ATP made in the ETC)?

69. What percentage of carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from acetyl-coA?

68. How many fatty acid chains are attached to a membrane phospholipid?

38. The hormone that stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdownis __________________.

please answer all the question

1. for 1 molecule of glucose (6 C-atoms), the stage of pyruvate processing generates

2. how many reduced electron carriers after glycolysis, pyruvate processing and citric acid cycle are available to make the ET work

1. All are linked to the electron-transport chain through Complex I accepting electrons from NADH EXCEPT:

a. gluconeogenesis

b. glycolysis

c. citric acid cycle

2. All are characteristics of the ATP synthase mechanism EXCEPT:

a. one site is empty (O-site)

b. one site contains ADP and Pi (L-site)

c. energy-driven conformational changes convert T-sites to O-sites

d. T-sites bind ATP

e. none of the above

d. all are true

3. Diabetes mellitus is characteristic by the hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning that the affected person lacks insulin in the blood. Please explain the biochemical mechanism that insulin deficiency will lead to hyperglycemia.

4. Trypanosomes are unicellular parasites that cause sleeping sickness. During one stage of their life cycle, these organisms live in the bloodstream and derive all of . their energy from glycolysis.(a) Propose potential targets for treating sleeping sickness.(b) What are some potential difficulties with your approach?

1. Glucagon inhibits glycolysis in the liver because:
a.) it increases the activity of Fructose-bisphosphatase 2
b.) it causes a decrease in Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration 
c.) it decreases the activity of Phosphofructokinase-2
d.) it causes a decrease in Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration 
e.) all of the above

2. Glucagon:
a.) is a hormone that is structurally similar to tyrosine
b.) is produced by the pituitary gland
c.) works with epinephrine to increase the supply of glucose to muscle cells
d.) is detected by a signal transduction pathway that utilizes IP3
e.) both b and c

31.) Which process would be disrupted by adding a drug that let protons pass freely through mitochondrial membranes?

a. Citric Acid cycle

b. Oxidative Phosphorylation

c. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

d. glycolysis

32.) Which statement is true cellular respiration?

a. energy released from glucose reduction is used to generate ATP

b. some of energy released from glucose oxidation is stored in NADH

c. exergonic reactions in glycolysis are used to generate ATP

d. A and C

e. B and C

33.) Why is water such a good solvent?

a. Most polar and charged substances dissolve in it.

b. It is highly polar.

c. It can participate in hydrogen bonding.

d. All of the above apply.

e. Water is a poor solvent.

34.) Why would breaking disulfide bonds and denaturing a protein cause it to lose its activity?

a. the secondary structure of the protein was changed

b. the primary structure of the protein was altered

c. No RNA was present to be degraded

d. The structure of a protein dictates is function; the denatured (unfolded) protein did not have the correct structure

35.) With the exception of retroviruses, the direction of transfer of genetic information in all living things is as follows:

a. protein A DNA mRNA

b. DNA B mRNA protein

c. DNA C tRNA protein

d. protein D tRNA DNA

e. RNA E DNA mRNA protein