1.) a key reaction in glycolysis is the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone into gylceraldehyde-3-phosphate. dhap<> G-3-P Delta G = 7.5 kj/mol

a.) whis is favored in this equilibrium, DHAP OR G-3-P?

B.) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 25 degrees C.

C.) in the cell depletion of G-3-P makes the reaction proceed. what will delta G be if the temperature concentration of G-3-P is always kept 1/100 of the concentration of DHAP at a temp of 37 degrees C?

74. Under actual cellular conditions, how many strongly exergonic reactions take place in glycolysis?

71. For every starting molecule of glucose, how many NTPs are made directly in the Citric Acid Cycle (not including any ATP made in the ETC)?

69. What percentage of carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from acetyl-coA?

68. How many fatty acid chains are attached to a membrane phospholipid?

38. The hormone that stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdownis __________________.

please answer all the question

1. for 1 molecule of glucose (6 C-atoms), the stage of pyruvate processing generates

2. how many reduced electron carriers after glycolysis, pyruvate processing and citric acid cycle are available to make the ET work

1. All are linked to the electron-transport chain through Complex I accepting electrons from NADH EXCEPT:

a. gluconeogenesis

b. glycolysis

c. citric acid cycle

2. All are characteristics of the ATP synthase mechanism EXCEPT:

a. one site is empty (O-site)

b. one site contains ADP and Pi (L-site)

c. energy-driven conformational changes convert T-sites to O-sites

d. T-sites bind ATP

e. none of the above

d. all are true

3. Diabetes mellitus is characteristic by the hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning that the affected person lacks insulin in the blood. Please explain the biochemical mechanism that insulin deficiency will lead to hyperglycemia.

4. Trypanosomes are unicellular parasites that cause sleeping sickness. During one stage of their life cycle, these organisms live in the bloodstream and derive all of . their energy from glycolysis.(a) Propose potential targets for treating sleeping sickness.(b) What are some potential difficulties with your approach?

1. Glucagon inhibits glycolysis in the liver because:
a.) it increases the activity of Fructose-bisphosphatase 2
b.) it causes a decrease in Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration 
c.) it decreases the activity of Phosphofructokinase-2
d.) it causes a decrease in Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration 
e.) all of the above

2. Glucagon:
a.) is a hormone that is structurally similar to tyrosine
b.) is produced by the pituitary gland
c.) works with epinephrine to increase the supply of glucose to muscle cells
d.) is detected by a signal transduction pathway that utilizes IP3
e.) both b and c

31.) Which process would be disrupted by adding a drug that let protons pass freely through mitochondrial membranes?

a. Citric Acid cycle

b. Oxidative Phosphorylation

c. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

d. glycolysis

32.) Which statement is true cellular respiration?

a. energy released from glucose reduction is used to generate ATP

b. some of energy released from glucose oxidation is stored in NADH

c. exergonic reactions in glycolysis are used to generate ATP

d. A and C

e. B and C

33.) Why is water such a good solvent?

a. Most polar and charged substances dissolve in it.

b. It is highly polar.

c. It can participate in hydrogen bonding.

d. All of the above apply.

e. Water is a poor solvent.

34.) Why would breaking disulfide bonds and denaturing a protein cause it to lose its activity?

a. the secondary structure of the protein was changed

b. the primary structure of the protein was altered

c. No RNA was present to be degraded

d. The structure of a protein dictates is function; the denatured (unfolded) protein did not have the correct structure

35.) With the exception of retroviruses, the direction of transfer of genetic information in all living things is as follows:

a. protein A DNA mRNA

b. DNA B mRNA protein

c. DNA C tRNA protein

d. protein D tRNA DNA

e. RNA E DNA mRNA protein

1. a) What is oxidation?

   b) What is an oxidizing agent?

    c) What is reduction?

   d)What is a reducing agent?

2. What does the term redox/red-ox stand for?

3. a) How are electrons carried to the ETS/ETC in cellular respiration? How in photosynthesis?

    b) From where did these electrons originally get their potential energy in cellular respiration? Where in

        photosynthesis?

4. Where is the ETC/S located in our cells? Be specific!

                 Where is it located in photosynthesis?

5. a) What ion is used to generate a gradient in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion and in the lumen of the

        thylakoid?

    b) Would you expect the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion and the lumen of the chloroplast to be acidic or

         basic? Explain your answer.

6.a) Why is glycolysis named as it is? In other words, what does the term glycolysis mean?

   b) What is the molecule that begins this whole process?

7. What is the point of having an ETS/ETC?

8. Cells store the energy released from the food we eat as ATP; a form ready to be used for other chemical

                reactions that require the input of energy.   How does ATP release energy when needed?

9. a) Are the electrons relatively high or relatively low in energy when they leave an ETS/ETC?

b) What is the energy of the electrons used to do as they traveled through the ETS/ETC?

c) We die without oxygen. What is it that oxygen does?

Question 2 a (800 words)

i) When yeast metabolises glucose under anaerobic conditions, it produces ethanol and CO2 as end products of glycolysis but under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is the end-product of the glycolytic pathway. What is the physiological rationale for producing ethanol and CO2 under anaerobic conditions? Fully explain your answer.

ii) The standard free energy change for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is shown below: Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 ∆G’o = - 2840 kJ mol-1 If the free energy change (∆G’o) for the hydrolysis of ATP (ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi) is - 30.5 kJ mol-1, what is the overall percentage efficiency of glycolysis in terms of the free energy “captured” in the form of ATP? Make sure you fully explain your calculations and take care to include units and give your answer to three significant figures.

iii) Clearly explain in your own words the differences between substratelevel phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. iv) What is the physiological rationale for the inhibitory effect of ATP on Phosphofructokinase?

Question 2b

In 800 words, Describe the process of receptor activation in Cell Signalling pathways. Illustrate your answer with a Cell Signalling system of your choice making sure to include the pathway(s) of receptor activation, the second messenger(s) involved and the downstream cellular response(s).