Describe the experiment by Hofman, Van Riswick, and Van Opsal (1998). What is an HRTF, i.e., how is it measured? Describe the changes in performance that occur with experience listening with ear molds. How do the data of Hoffman, van Riswick, and van Opsal demonstrate an individual can possess multiple simultaneous pinna transform functions (that relate pinna filtering to elevation)?

*No article was provided to me.

Groups of dolphins were observed off the coast of Iceland near Keflavik in 1998. The data in the file dolphin_dat on the course website give the time of the day and the main activity of the group, whether travelling quickly, feeding, or socializing. The dolphin groups varied in size. Usually feeding or socializing groups were larger than travelling groups.

Source of data: Marianne Rasmussen, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

Activity        Period  Groups
Travel  Morning  6
Feed    Morning 28
Social  Morning 38
Travel  Noon     6
Feed    Noon     4
Social  Noon     5
Travel  Afternoon       14
Feed    Afternoon        0
Social  Afternoon        9
Travel  Evening 13
Feed    Evening 56
Social  Evening 10

A) Find a 90% confidence interval for the difference between morning and evening for the proportion of dolphins feeding assuming that the data is a result of two simple random samples and that the samples for both time periods are independent of each other.

B) Does there appear to be a significant difference in the proportion of dolphins engaged in feeding between morning and evening? Conduct the appropriate test of significance and discuss your results.

Researchers watched groups of dolphins off the coast of Ireland in 1998 to determine what activities the dolphins partake in at certain times of the day. The numbers in the Table below represent the number of groups of dolphins that took part in an activity at certain times of days. In Excel

1. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is involved with travel.
2. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is around in the morning.
3. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is involved with travel, given that it is morning.
4. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is around in the morning, given that it is socializing.
5. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is around in the afternoon, given that it is feeding.
6. Calculate the probability (in reduced fraction form) that a dolphin group is either around in the evening or is feeding.

In 1998, the governor of New York, George Pataki, formulated a $185 million plan to update old Amtrak trains. The purpose of such a project was to make the old trains faster than the more current Amtrak trains. Such a reconstruction would allow for a high speed rail system between Albany and New York City. Unfortunately, Amtrak produced only one train, and though millions of dollars poured into the company to fund the project, auditing showed that the company showed little spending on the trains. Problems stemmed in part from the lack of engineering expertise of the Steel company that was picked to work on the trains. Also, the state’s Department of Transportation was not experienced in over seeing projects of this type, so little oversight was given to Amtrak. Furthermore, unforeseen problems arose such as air condition malfunctions and the removal of asbestos from train cabins. After the plan seemed as though it would never be successful and Amtrak was extremely low on money due to normal operations, the company tried to settle with the state to escape the project. However, the state filed a lawsuit against Amtrak. Amtrak’s defense was that both parties made a unilateral mistake because neither party foresaw the problems or extra costs associated with the project that made it unrealistic. How do you think the court decided?

Researchers watched groups of dolphins off the coast of Ireland in 1998 to determine what activities the dolphins partake in at certain times of the day ("Activities of dolphin," 2013). The numbers in table #4.3.3 represent the number of groups of dolphins that were partaking in an activity at certain times of days. Table #4.3.3: Dolphin Activity Activity Period Morning Noon Afternoon Evening Total Travel 6 6 14 13 39 Feed 28 4 0 56 88 Social 38 5 9 10 62 Total 72 15 23 79 189 a.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is partaking in travel? b.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is around in the morning? c.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is partaking in travel given that it is morning? d.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is around in the morning given that it is partaking in socializing? e.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is around in the afternoon given that it is partaking in feeding? f.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is around in the afternoon and is partaking in feeding? g.) What is the probability that a dolphin group is around in the afternoon or is partaking in feeding? h.) Are the events dolphin group around in the afternoon and dolphin group feeding mutually exclusive events? Why or why not? i.) Are the events dolphin group around in the morning and dolphin group partaking in travel independent events? Why or why not?

Researchers watched groups of dolphins off the coast of Ireland in 1998 to determine what activities the dolphins partake in at certain times of the day ("Activities of dolphin," 2013). The numbers in Table 3 represent the number of groups of dolphins that were partaking in an activity at certain times of days. Is there enough evidence to show that the activity and the time period are independent for dolphins? Why or Why not? Test at the 1% level.

n 1998, the Nabisco Company launched a “1000 Chips Challenge” advertising campaign in which it was claimed that every 18-ounce bag of their Chips Ahoy cookies contains 1000 chips (on average). A curious statistics student purchased 8 randomly selected bags of cookies and counted the chocolate chips. The data is given below:

1200 1019 1214 1087 1214 900 1200 825

a) The student concluded that the data was not normally distributed and wanted to use a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test to test the company’s claim. What assumption is needed in this case?

b) Assuming the assumption in part a. is met, at the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the average number of chocolate chips in a bag of Chips Ahoy cookies differs from 1000? Carry out the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test by hand.

Another paper, by Kristin Butcher and Anne Piehl (1998), compared the rates of institutionalization (in jail, prison, or mental hospitals) among immigrants and natives. In 1990, 7.54% of the institutionalized population (or 20,933 in the sample) were immigrants. The standard error of the fraction of institutionalized immigrants is 0.18. What is a 95% confidence interval for the fraction of the entire population who are immigrants? If you know that 10.63% of the general population at the time are immigrants, what conclusions can be made? Explain.

It all started on September 2, 1998 when smoke suddenly filled the cabin of the Swissair flight 111 as it was on route from New York to Geneva. The pilot swung the troubled aircraft to sea to dump excess of fuel before landing. Unfortunately, the plane plunged into the sea before it could reach safety and crashed off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, killing all 229 on board. Investigations asked whether the pilot’s decision to circle and dump the fuel before landing was correct or not. Swissair officials defended their pilot, noting that the pilot followed the Swissair’s emergency procedures published by the carrier’s operating manual. The U.S pilots reported that “Rules are made to be broken” meaning that in such emergency cases, the pilots should exercise their independent judgment, regardless of what is contained in the company manual. However, the Swissair officials countered that the procedures detailed in the manual reflected the state-of-the-art understanding of what to do in an emergency, and thus its pilots did the right thing in adhering to the manual The “rules are there to be obeyed” reflects the viewpoint of Swissair’s officials.

1. Which one of Hofstede’s five dimensions is discussed in this case study? Define the dimension and explain its two extremes.

2. To which extreme is the Swissair pilot oriented? How is this dimension interrelated with the other four dimensions of Hofstede?

3. How does this dimension affect the aspects of managing international business in terms of hierarchies and risk-taking? Do you support the Swissair pilots’ decision? Why?

4. Social orientation plays an important role in determining the job mobility within a certain society. Do you think that there is an interrelation between this element and Hofstede’s dimension (Uncertainty Orientation)?

Payments on a Jan. 1, 1995 40,000 loan are as follows:

1/1/96: 5,000
1/1/97: 5,000
1/1/98: 5,000
On July 1, 1998 an additional 10,000 is paid on the loan and no more payments are made.

If d(4)=0.1 how much is owed on the loan on Jan. 1, 2005?