Explain in words what the ubiquitination reactions are and how they function. What are the ubiquitination enzymes, where are they used in the pathway and what are their function? Explain how proteins starting with an acidic amino acid are recognized for ubiquitination (no structures needed).

The pKa of the α-carboxyl group of phenylalanine is 1.83, and the pKa of its α-amino group is 9.13. Calculate the average net charge on phenylalanine if it is in a solution that has a pH of 8.20. If the charge is positive, do not enter a + sign.

A protein you are studying is believed to have a beta barrel secondary structure that consists of several duplicate hydrophobic amino acid sequence repeats. Describe the cell structure you anticipate finding this protein in based on these characteristics

For the following double stranded DNA sequence, write out the mRNA sequence that will be synthesized from the DNA. (Hint: which strand will you use to build your mRNA?) Then write out the amino acid polypeptide that will be synthesized from this sequence and correctly label the 5’ – 3’ directionality of the mRNA and amino acid fragments:

Gene: 5’- A T G C T T C A A G T T G G T C C T C C T C C T T C G– 3’

Template: 3’- T A C   G A A G T T C A A C C A G G A G G A G G A A G C– 5’

True or False? If false, explain why.

a) The ribosome moves along the mRNA in a 5’ à 3’ direction

b) The overall structure of the ribozyme is dictated by rRNA

c) Ribosomes consist of 2/3 protein and 1/3 rRNA

d) Each ribosome has 1 large subunit and one small subunit

e) The small ribosomal subunit is the first to bind to the mRNA via the 5’ cap

f) RNA polymerase II is responsible for transcribing messenger RNA •

g) Combinatorial control of gene expression involves groups of transcriptional regulators working together to determine the expression of a gene

h) A nonsense mutation is a type of base pair substitution that leads to a change from one amino acid to a different amino acid.

Ch10. 3. Explain in your own words how the similarities between DNA samples can be characterized by restriction enzyme mapping. Use an example of paternity testing to expand on your answer.  

why is pyruvate dehydrogenase the regulated enzyme of pdc but not dihydrolipoyl transacetylase or dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase?

what causes defective regulation of pdc?

if cells have energy, it will not run PDC instead what will it run?

The active site is ? (Pick only one)

the molecule to be changed

the energy needed to make a reaction go

the agent that changes the rate of a reaction

the part of enzyme that binds the substrate

the capacity to do work

In the polymerase chain reaction, DNA is heated to 95 degrees Celsius and nucleotides, enzymes and DNA primers are added to the mixture. What is the advantage of the enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction being thermostable?