U

Use the key below to answer questions

A. something RNA would say                   C. something DNA and RNA would say

B. something DNA would say                   D. something neither DNA nor RNA would say

21. “Being a double-stranded molecule sure keeps me from moving around the cell”

22. “Ah, replication is finished. What’s up my brother?”

23. “ Roll call: Adenine” “ Here” “Guanine” “ Here” “Cytosine” “ Here” “Uracil” “ Here”

24. “ I feel so small; only three nucleotides long.”

25. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the formation of a protein?

1. DNA---mRNA---mRNA processing---mRNA leaves the nucleus---mRNA binds to ribosome in cytoplasm---tRNA's bring amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome---amino acids link together with peptide bonds---polypeptide is released into the cytoplasm

2. amino acids link together with peptide bonds ---polypeptide is released into the cytoplasm---DNA---mRNA---mRNA binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm---tRNA's bring amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosomes

3. tRNAs bring amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosomes---amino acids link together with peptide bonds---polypeptide is released into the cytoplasm---DNA---mRNA---mRNA binds to ribosomes in cytoplasm

4. DNA---mRNA processing---mRNA produced---mRNA leaves the nucleus---tRNAs bring amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosomes---mRNA binds to ribosomes in cytoplasm---amino acids link together with peptide bonds---polypeptide is released into the cytoplasm

. A murder has occurred, and you are asked to help solve it. The police bring you a sample from

the crime scene of what they believe is the killer’s DNA and ask you for a chemical analysis. Your

study of this sample reveals the presence of adenine, thymine, ribose and uracil, leading you to

conclude that the sample is

1. pure DNA
2. pure RNA
3. probably a mixture of DNA and RNA
4. probably a mixture of rRNA and mRNA

. Refer to the mRNA codon chart . If the DNA sequence is GGC, the resulting amino acid that is coded for is

A. glycine          B. praline           C. arginine         D. asparagines                 E. tryptophan

A foreign piece of DNA, read left to right, that could be inserted in this gap is

1. TTAA                     B. AAUU                      C. TTGC                       D. AATT

Which of the following choices below represents an example of geographic isolation?

A.         two populations live in a valley between two mountains

B.         two populations live on different mountains with a valley between them

C.         two populations live along the same side of a river

D.         two populations live in overlapping habitats

Which of the following bird species are most closely related?

A. Picoides borealis and Phylloscopus borealis

B. Numenius borealis and Picoides borealis sapiens

C. Numenius americanus and Grus Americana

D. Picoides villosus and Picoides borealis

Does all Nonpolar amino acids have the same titration curve? 

describe the following process of the digestive system, the digestion and absorption of amino acids

Chemistry

General reactions

1. Complex molecules are synthesized used __________; in this reaction, a chemical bond is formed when _________ is removed. The reaction that is used to complex molecules into simpler building blocks is called _________. In this reaction, bonds are broken when __________ is added. Reactions go faster when _________.
   

Carbohydrates

1. The simplest carbohydrates are called __________. Three common hexoses are ________. Sucrose is formed when ________. Lactose is formed when ________; and maltase is formed when _______. These three molecules are examples of ________. Humans and other animals store polysaccharides in the form of __________. Plants store polysaccharides as __________.

Lipids

1. Triglycerides are formed by the reaction of ________. This form of lipid is used for _______.
2. Phospholipids are formed by the combination of ___________. This form of lipid is mostly found in ________ where they form _________.
3. Cholesterol
   1. Cholesterol is used to form ________ such as ___________.
   2. Cholesterol and other lipids are transported by _________.
   3. High levels of __________ is associated with increased risk of heart disease whereas high levels of __________ is associated with improved cardiovascular health.

Proteins

1. Proteins are made up of _________. There are _________amino acids which differ by the _______. Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body are called ________; they must be obtained from the _______. Amino acids joined by ______.
2. The order of the amino acids in a protein is called its __________. Examples of secondary structure include ___________. Tertiary structure are is formed by _________. Quaternary structure is formed when _________.

Transport Across Cell Membranes

Passive and Active Transport

1. Passive transport across the cell membrane (requires/doesn’t require) ATP while active transport (requires/doesn’t require) ATP. Passive transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient. Active transport always occurs (down/against) the concentration gradient

Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of __________ to an area of _________. This is an example of __________ transport. The rate of diffusion can be increased by ___________.

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of _________ from __________ to __________. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the _____________. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is _________. Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of _______; hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity ________ and hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of ________.
2. _________ solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause __________; _________ cause water to leave cells which may cause __________; and _________ has no net effect of water movement across the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. This includes _________ and _________. The process that expels materials from the cell is called _______.

Nucleic Acids, Transcription, Translation, Replication

Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids are made up of __________. The two forms of nucleic acid are _________ and __________.
2. DNA is made of ________. The strands of DNA are held together by _______bonds between bases. Each adenine base is paired with a ________; and each _________ is paired with a ________. This form of base-pairing is called ________. DNA is organized as _______ inside the nucleus. The regions of the genome that code for a protein is called a _________.
3. RNA is made of __________. It is (single/double) stranded. _________ carries the codes that are responsible for making a protein. _________ transports amino acids; and ________ is a part of the ribosome. There are ________ codons which are formed by ______ nucleotides. Codons code for _______.

Transcription

1. Transcription describes the process of copying _______ into _________. The enzyme responsible for transcription is ___________. This process occurs in the ________. A single mRNA may code for several proteins due to __________ which is used to remove noncoding regions called _________.

Translations

1. Translation is the process of __________. The mRNA strand is read by the ________ which assembles the _________. The three steps of translation are _________. This process primarily occurs in the ________.

DNA replication

1. DNA replication occurs in the __________. In this process the DNA is unwounded by _________ and it is then copied by ___________. At the end of the process each new double-stranded DNA will have ____________. This is called _____________ replication.

Assuming that the mutations are adaptive, how would that affect the stability of a protein at low and high temperatures?

Given:

1) Glutamine to lysine in a warm adapted species.Glutamine is uncharged while lysine is positively charged, therefore there would likely be a change as an uncharged amino acid is being replaced with positively charged amino acid.

2) Threonine to Alanine in a warm adapted species. Threonine is polar uncharged while Alanine is hydrophobictherefore there would likely be a change, as a polar charged amino acid is being replaced with a hydrophobic amino acid.

3) Glutamic acid to aspartic acid in a cold adapted species. Both Aspartic acid to Glutamic acid are negatively charged, therefore, there would likely be no effect with this change as both are negatively charged amino acids.

4) Glycine to alanine in a warm adapted species. Both Glycine to Alanine are non polar amino acids, therefore the change would likely have no effect as both are non polar and hydrophobic.

Outine how amino acids are involved in gluconeogenis using excercising muscles as an example.

Which of these amino acids doesn't fit with the others?