2. Why do cancer cells utilize glycolysis over respiration? The prevailing theory is that they choose to divert glycolytic intermediates into biosynthetic pathways in order to support cellular proliferation. Briefly describe two of these biosynthetic pathways, including the enzymes and metabolites involved, and any cancer-associated alterations (up-down-regulation).

*Please type answer, written answers are hard to read

Although not part of glycolysis, endogenous stores of phosphocreatine in skeletal muscle are suggested to provide a reserve of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, as shown below:

a)       Phosphocreatine + H₂O ? Creatine + P_i + 10.3 kcal/mol

b)      ADP + P_i + 7.3 kcal/mol ? ATP + H₂O

Add these two reactions together (including the energy terms) to show the net, coupled reaction

When gluconeogenesis is activated during fasting in liver, glycolysis slows. How does this happen?

a. pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase are both inhibited by phosphorylation in response to a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio

b. PFK-2 is phosphorylated

c. acetyl CoA allosterically inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

d. acetyl CoA allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase

e. all of the above

Experiments A and B are 2 experiments performed by mixing alkaline phosphatase enzyme with Pnpp substrate. The reaction was run for 5 minutes for each tube, then stopped by adding NaOH.

A)Changing enzyme concentration

Calculations for each tube:

1)Calculate final enzyme concentrations in each tube

2)Use beers law to convert absorbance to concentrations (umol). Molar extinction coefficient of p-nitrophenol is 16.2 mM^-1cm^-1. Path length is 1 cm.

3)Calculate velocity (umol/min/mL), make sure to correct the concentration for NaOH addition

B)Changing ph

Calculations for each tube:

1)Calculate final substrate concentrations

2)Use beers law to convert absorbance to concentrations (umol). Molar extinction coefficient of p-nitrophenol is 16.2 mM^-1cm^-1. Path length is 1 cm.

3)Calculate velocity (umol/min/mL), make sure to correct the concentration for NaOH addition

Multiple choice Questions:

1. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system would cause:

2 Immune defenses against bacteria and viruses are increased by:

3 Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system would cause:

4. Venous bleeding around the brain can cause a(n):

5. Demyelination of the axon in peripheral nerves is the cause of:

1. Explain why a life cycle that includes meiosis must also include fertilization. What is the advantage of such a life cycle?

2. Why are prokaryotes especially useful in bioremediation?

3. Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are helpful to humans and some examples of how they are harmful to humans?

4. Explain why a female can be heterozygous for an X-linked gene, but a male cannot.

5. What is a practical or clinical use of knowing the base sequence of a gene?

6. The human genome project has discovered that humans have about 30,000 genes, many fewer than earlier estimates of 100,000 genes. What implication does this have about the way human genes function?

7. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms or are they just biologically active chemicals? Defend a position on this based on what you know about what viruses are and how they work.

8. Plants in the tropical rain forest often grow faster than those in temperate forests. Explain how what you know about how the factors that affect transpiration would attribute to this.

9. Commercials on TV use food and sex as their most attractive selling points. Explain how flowers use the same tow attractants to “sell” their pollen to animals.

10. Virtually, all plants compete directly with all the plants around them. Why is this so?

11. Assume that protein synthesis always reads along a chromosome three bases at a time to code for each successive amino acid in a protein. There are two kinds of point mutations, a base substitution and a base deletion. How are these two types of mutations likely to affect the protein coded by a mutated gene?

12. Why do most human societies have laws or customs against marrying close relatives?

13. The majority of all plants are seed plants. What is the advantage of a seed? How do plants that lack seeds meet the needs served by seeds?

14. Describe the similarities and difference between the biochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Include in your discussion the major reaction, the end products, and energy transfers.

15. Explain how a trait can skip generations.

16. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the following processes.
    1. Active transport
    2. Passive transport

17. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
    1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
    2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

18. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land.
    1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
    2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body
    3. Dehydration of the plant

Describe how newly synthesized fatty acids are incorporated into triacylglycerols.

(please type the answer, no handwriting, and maybe you can draw a diagram to help explain it !)

2. In the table below is information for two companies:

From the above data, make the observations about the relative performance and determine better-performed company. (Remember that the shorter the number of days in this cycle, more the amount of available cash, and less need to borrow).

What are the function(s) of Opioid receptors? Are there any specific features (e.g. enzyme, transmembrane protein)

Integrate the knowledge of the function with the structural properties of the cell.