I am working on a method section for a paper. The experiment in general terms is testing to see if there is a significance between two treatment groups in substance abuse recovery. One group is an exercise group the other is not. the sample population is about 100 individuals and 50 in each category. All individuals will be asked yes or no if they relapsed over the last year. What would be the best statistical analysis test for determining if this is chance or if there is significance.

Correlation and Regression Analysis

Question 2                 

The marks in a Physics exam (P) and a Chemistry exam (C) were recorded for 15 students:

1. Draw a scatter diagram and comment.
2. Find the regression line where the Chemistry mark is the explanatory variable and the Physics mark is the response variable.
3. Calculate the correlation between P and C. Test the hypothesis, at 5%, that it is positive.
4. Predict the Physics mark of three students, one obtaining 20 in Chemistry, one 50 in Chemistry and the third 80 in Chemistry. Which of the three predictions do you trust more?
5. Perform a hypothesis test that the slope of the regression line is positive.

Island Airlines Inc. needs to replace a short-haul commuter plane on one of its busier routes. Two aircraft are on the market that satisfy the general requirements of the route. One is more expensive than the other but has better fuel efficiency and load-bearing characteristics, which result in better long-term profitability. The useful life of both planes is expected to be about seven years, after which time both are assumed to have no value. Cash flow projections for the two aircraft follow.

1. Calculate the payback period for each plane and select the best choice. Round your answers to one decimal place.

   Low Cost	years
   High Cost	years

   
   
2. Calculate the IRR for each plane and select the best option. Use the fact that all the inflows can be represented by an annuity. Round your answers to one decimal place.

   Low Cost	%
   High Cost	%

   
   IRR also selects the   cost plane.
   
3. Compare the results of parts (a) and (b). Both should select the same option, but does one method result in a clearer choice than the other based on the relative sizes of the two payback periods versus the relative sizes of the two IRRs?
   The input in the box below will not be graded, but may be reviewed and considered by your instructor.
   
   
4. Calculate the NPV and PI of each project assuming a cost of capital of 10%. Use annuity methods. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round PVFA values in intermediate calculations to four decimal places. Round NPV to the nearest dollar, round PI to two decimal places.

   	Low Cost	High Cost
   NPV	$	$
   PI

   
   Which plane is selected by NPV?
     cost plane.
   By PI?
     cost plane.
   
5. Calculate the NPV and PI of each project, assuming the following costs of capital: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. Use annuity methods. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round PVFA values in intermediate calculations to four decimal places. Round NPV to the nearest dollar, round PI to two decimal places. Use a minus sign to indicate a negative NPV.

   		Low Cost	High Cost
   2%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   4%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   6%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   8%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   10%	NPV	$	$
   	PI

   
   Is the same plane selected by NPV and PI at every level of cost of capital? Investigate the relative attractiveness of the two planes under each method.
   
   
6. Use the results of parts (b) and (e) to sketch the NPV profiles of the two proposed planes on the same set of axes. Show the IRRs on the graph.

Island Airlines Inc. needs to replace a short-haul commuter plane on one of its busier routes. Two aircraft are on the market that satisfy the general requirements of the route. One is more expensive than the other but has better fuel efficiency and load-bearing characteristics, which result in better long-term profitability. The useful life of both planes is expected to be about seven years, after which time both are assumed to have no value. Cash flow projections for the two aircraft follow.

1. Calculate the payback period for each plane and select the best choice. Round your answers to one decimal place.

   Low Cost	years
   High Cost	years

2. Calculate the IRR for each plane and select the best option. Use the fact that all the inflows can be represented by an annuity. Round your answers to one decimal place.

   Low Cost	%
   High Cost	%

   
   IRR also selects the low  cost plane.
3. Compare the results of parts (a) and (b). Both should select the same option, but does one method result in a clearer choice than the other based on the relative sizes of the two payback periods versus the relative sizes of the two IRRs?
   The input in the box below will not be graded, but may be reviewed and considered by your instructor.
   
4. Calculate the NPV and PI of each project assuming a cost of capital of 5%. Use annuity methods. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round PVFA values in intermediate calculations to four decimal places. Round NPV to the nearest dollar, round PI to two decimal places.

   	Low Cost	High Cost
   NPV	$	$
   PI

   
   Which plane is selected by NPV?
     cost plane.
   By PI?
     cost plane.
5. Calculate the NPV and PI of each project, assuming the following costs of capital: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. Use annuity methods. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round PVFA values in intermediate calculations to four decimal places. Round NPV to the nearest dollar, round PI to two decimal places. Use a minus sign to indicate a negative NPV.

   		Low Cost	High Cost
   2%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   4%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   6%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   8%	NPV	$	$
   	PI
   10%	NPV	$	$
   	PI

   
   Is the same plane selected by NPV and PI at every level of cost of capital? Investigate the relative attractiveness of the two planes under each method.
   
6. Use the results of parts (b) and (e) to sketch the NPV profiles of the two proposed planes on the same set of axes. Show the IRRs on the graph.

HAMADA EQUATION

Situational Software Co. (SSC) is trying to establish its optimal capital structure. Its current capital structure consists of 20% debt and 80% equity; however, the CEO believes that the firm should use more debt. The risk-free rate, r_RF, is 3%; the market risk premium, RP_M, is 7%; and the firm's tax rate is 40%. Currently, SSC's cost of equity is 14%, which is determined by the CAPM. What would be SSC's estimated cost of equity if it changed its capital structure to 50% debt and 50% equity? Round your answer to two decimal places. Do not round intermediate steps.

%

Checking Your Progress – Correlation & Regression Researchers investigated the relationship between amount of study time statistics class and mid-semester quiz scores. The data appear below: 1 28 95 2 25 95 3 3 58 4 10 75 5 0 44 6 15 83 7 20 91 8 24 87 9 7 65 10 8 70 Find the correlation between hours of study and quiz scores, and test it for significance. Then complete a simple linear regression analysis using hours of study to predict quiz scores. Sum of squares for study hours: Sum of squares for quiz scores: Sum of the cross products: Covariance: Value for Pearson r: Critical value for this Pearson r (two-tailed, alpha .05): The p-value associated with this Pearson r: Should you reject the null hypothesis? Coefficient of determination: What percentage of quiz score variance is explained by study hours? Is there a significant relationship between study hours and quiz scores? What is the regression constant for use in the regression equation to predict quiz scores on the basis of hours of study? ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ What is the regression coefficient? The complete regression equation is: ____________________________________ What quiz score would you predict for a student who studied 17 hours? ____________ Use SPSS to make a scatterplot with QUIZ Scores as the dependent (or criterion) variable and Hours of Study as the independent (or predictor) variable. Edit it for APA style. Export it to Word and provide a figure number and caption. Attach it as the last page.

Case Study 2

M & M LLC is producing different range of chocolates mainly including fruits & nuts, caramel smooth, dark fantasy.

Assume you are senior accountant of M & M LLC and comparing between both the methods of costing absorption and ABC system on the basis of following information:

Prime Cost Details: -

1. RO 0.150 per unit on materials and RO 0.120 per unit on direct labour paid for fruits & nuts.
2. RO 0.120 per unit materials and RO 0.100 per unit on direct labour paid for caramel smooth.
3. RO 0.180 per unit on materials and RO 0.130 per unit on direct labour paid for dark fantasy.

Production detail: -

In the month of June Company is expected to produce 200,000 units of fruits & nuts; 150,000 units of caramel smooth; 100,000 units of dark fantasy.

Overheads, Activity and Cost Driver Details: -

1. The labour hour per units 0.02 for fruits & nuts; 0.010 for caramel smooth; and 0.015 for dark fantasy.
2. The production cost incurred RO 3,600. Machines runs 700 hours for fruits & nuts; 500 hours for caramel smooth; 400 hours for dark fantasy;
3. The machine set-up cost incurred RO 2,800. The production runs 120 for fruits & nuts; 80 for caramel smooth; 75 for dark fantasy.
4. The Procurement costs incurred RO 1,800. Number of purchase order 50 for fruits & nuts; 35 for caramel smooth; 45 for dark fantasy;
5. The delivery costs incurred RO 900. Number of deliveries 42 for fruits & nuts; 40 for caramel; and 38 for dark fantasy.

Requirements: -

1. Calculate total cost and cost per unit of each types of chocolate by applying absorption costing.                                                                                                                
2. Calculate the total cost and cost per unit of each types of chocolate by applying ABC system.                                                                                                                 
3. Calculate the selling price by adding 20% mark up on cost for each brand of chocolate. Also, analyze over costing and under costing for each type of chocolate.  

{Exercise 12.50 (Algorithmic)}

Consider the following data for two variables, x and y.

a. Compute the standardized residuals for these data.

Question 3

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A firm shuts down if price is

Select one:

below minimum average variable cost.

above minimum average fixed cost.

below average total cost.

less than marginal cost.

above minimum average variable cost.

Question 4

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A perfectly competitive firm's supply curve includes its marginal cost curve at all prices above minimum

Select one:

average variable cost.

average fixed cost.

total variable cost.

total cost

average total cost.

Question 5

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A firm is producing the profit-maximizing amount of output when it is producing where its ________ curve intersects its ________ curve.

Select one:

marginal cost; average variable cost

marginal cost; marginal revenue

total cost; total revenue

marginal cost; average total cost

average total cost; average variable cost

Question 6

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GM will temporarily lay off 1,300 employees as the company stops production of the electric car, Chevy Volt, for five weeks. GM had hoped to sell 10,000 Volts last year, but ended up selling just 7,671. It plans to maintain inventory levels by adjusting production to match demand.

Source: Politico, March 2, 2012

The shutdown decision ________ total fixed cost and ________ total variable cost.

Select one:

does not change; does not change

does not change; increases

does not change; decreases

increases; does not change

decreases; decreases

Question 7

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In the short run, a firm in a perfectly competitive market

Select one:

chooses the price that maximizes its economic profit.

chooses the price that minimizes its marginal cost.

always makes an economic profit.

can make an economic profit, incur an economic loss, or break even.

shuts down if it incurs an economic loss.

Question 8

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Franklin is a fiddlehead farmer. He sold 10 bags of fiddleheads last month, with total fixed cost of $100 and total variable cost of $50.

Suppose the price of fiddleheads is expected to stay at $10 per bag for the foreseeable future, and Franklin's production and cost figures are expected to stay the same. His total fixed cost consists entirely of rent on land, and his five-year lease on the land runs out at the end of the month. Should Franklin renew the lease?

Select one:

Insufficient information to answer.

No, because in the long run, zero economic profit is a signal to move factors of production out of fiddlehead farming.

Yes, because total revenue will still cover total fixed cost.

Yes, because total revenue will still cover total variable cost and a portion of total fixed cost.

No, because total revenue must cover all costs for factors of production to remain in fiddlehead farming in the long run.

Question 9

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If firms exit an market, the

Select one:

price of the good falls.

total market output increases.

economic profit of the remaining firms stay the same.

economic profit of the remaining firms decrease.

market supply curve shifts leftward.

Question 10

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If firms in a perfectly competitive market are making an economic profit, new firms will enter. This entry shifts the market

Select one:

demand curve leftward, and the market price falls.

supply curve rightward, and the market price falls

demand curve rightward, and the market price rises.

supply curve leftward, and the market price rises.

3.13 LAB: Extracting Passwords (files and lists)

The Linux operating system is a very popular server OS. A network administrator has to protect the login/password files stored on the servers. In Linux there are two important files:

/etc/passwd

And it contains rows that look like this:

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
user1:x:15:51:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user2:x:15:51:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user3:x:15:51:User One:/home/user1:nologin

This file contains login information. It's a list of the server's accounts that has userID, groupID, home directory, shell and more info.

And the second file /etc/shadow, contains rows that look like this:

root:$1$TDQFedzX$.kv51AjM.FInu0lrH1dY30:15045:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:14195:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:14195:0:99999:7:::
adm:*:14195:0:99999:7:::
ftp:*:14195:0:99999:7:::
user1:$1$ssTPXdzX$.kv51AjM.FInu0lrH1dY30:15045:0:99999:7:::
user1:44##$TDQFedzX$.Pxp39484.FInu0lrH1dY30:15045:0:99999:7:::
user1:%[email protected]:15045:0:99999:7:::

This file contains the actual password in encrypted format for each of the user's accounts stored in /etc/passwd. Notice the encrypted text after the login and : colon. That is the encrypted password.

Typically, if a hacker obtains access to these files, they could use some sort of cracking software to decrypt the passwords. Basically, they take a Brute Force approach and use common passwords to find a match.

Write a program that first reads in the name of two input files; input1pass.txt and input1shadow.txt. These files will contain encrypted and non-encrypted passwords to simulate a Brute Force approach. Next the program will accept input of two strings representing a potential user name, and password. The files should be read using the file.readlines( ) method.

Your program should output the attempted login and password with a message that it was a successful or unsuccessful brute force attempt.

Ex: If the input is:

input1pass.txt
input1shadow.txt
bobpickle
pa$$w0rd

and the contents of input1pass.txt are:

user1:x:15:51:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user2:x:16:52:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user3:x:17:53:User One:/home/user1:nologin

and the contents of the input1shadow.txt are:

user1:XXPP192920r:15045:0:99999:7:::
user1:LLmm928393x:15046:0:99999:7:::
user1:&^334294kksri.:15047:0:99999:7:::

the output is:

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user1
Password:  XXPP192920r
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user2
Password:  LLmm928393x
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user3
Password:  &^334294kksri.
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Ex: If the input is:

input2pass.txt
input2shadow.txt
demo123
password

and the contents of input1pass.txt are:

user1:x:15:51:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user2:x:16:52:User One:/home/user1:nologin
user3:x:17:53:User One:/home/user1:nologin
demo123:x:18:54:Demo User:/home/demo123:nologin

and the contents of the input1shadow.txt are:

user1:XXPP192920r:15045:0:99999:7:::
user1:LLmm928393x:15046:0:99999:7:::
user1:&^334294kksri.:15047:0:99999:7:::
demo123:password:15048:0:99999:7:::

the output is:

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user1
Password:  XXPP192920r
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user2
Password:  LLmm928393x
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Brute Force Attempt:
Login:  user3
Password:  &^334294kksri.
Unsuccessful brute force attempt

Brute Force Attempt:
Login: demo123
Password: password
Successful brute force attempt

Notes:

• There is a newline at the end of the output.
• input1pass.txt is available to download.
• input1shadow.txt is available to download
• 'Hint' - check out the Python zip ( ) for mapping the login in one file to the other.

279088.991434

LAB ACTIVITY

3.13.1: LAB: Extracting Passwords (files and lists)

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Downloadable files

input1pass.txt

input1shadow.txt

Download