1. Reaction 1 has a ΔG° of –12.3 kJ/mol, and Reaction 2 has a ΔG° of 23.4 kJ/mol. Which statement is TRUE of these two reactions?

Select one:

A. Reaction 1 occurs faster.

B. Reaction 2 occurs faster.

C. Both reactions occur at the same rate.

D. Reaction 2 will not occur.

E. It is impossible to know which reaction occurs faster with this information.

2. Fructose-1-phosphate can be hydrolyzed into fructose + inorganic phosphate (Pi) with a ΔG° of –16.0 kJ/mol. If ATP can be hydrolyzed into ADP + Pi with a ΔG° of –30.5 kJ/mol, what is the free energy change for the reaction of fructose + ATP → fructose 1-phospate + ADP?

Select one:

A. –14.5 kJ/mol

B. 46.5 kJ/mol

C. –1.4 Genetic Foundations5 kJ/mol

D. –46.5 kJ/mol

E. 14.5 kJ/mol

3.

The joining of two amino acids via a peptide bond (the process of protein synthesis) has a positive ΔG value. What does this imply?

Select one:

A. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and does not need to be coupled to another reaction.

B. Forming a peptide bond is endergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

C. Forming a peptide bond is exergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

D. Forming a peptide bond increases the entropy of a system.

E. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and can sometimes be coupled to another reaction.

1. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

When eukaryotic organisms reproduce from one generation to the next, mutations play a far more important role as a source of genetic variation than does recombination.

One of the trends leading up to the evolution of early eukaryotic cells is a much-expanded genome and a shift from a haploid to a diploid amount of DNA.

The endosymbiotic theory supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells; this accounts for why these organelles contain DNA organized as a circular loop and ribosomes akin to those found in bacteria.

1b. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

The structure shown demonstrates how the translation stage of gene expression can function as an assembly line to generate lots of protein product quickly.

Bacteria are able to regulate their metabolism by turning genes ON and OFF at the transcriptional level; this affects metabolism by determining the presence or absence of particular mRNAs in the cell.

As evidenced by our much much larger genomes, eukaryotes are much more complex than prokaryotes; a similar trend exists among different eukaryotes, such that the genomes of fruit flies or beetles are considerably smaller than that of more complex organism like humans.

1c. Choose the false statement:

Group of answer choices

The redundant nature of the genetic code implies that in some instances several different amino acids are coded for by the same codon.

Genes can be divided into two groups, those that code for proteins (e.g., structural genes) and regulators, those that control the expression of structural genes.

The karyotype shown belongs to a genetic male.

1. Renin is released from the

a. macula densa cells

b. juxtaglomerular cells

c. hepatic cells

d. none of the above

2. JG cells are located in which of the following locations?

a. DCT

b. efferent arterioles

c. afferent arterioles

d. proximal tubules

3. When blood pressure decreases

a. renin release is decreased

b. renin release is increased

c. ACE activity is decreased

d. none of the above

4. When angiotensin II increases, the radius of the efferent arteriole

a. decreases

b. increases

c. does not change

d. There is no relationship between the radius of the arteriole and angiotensin II levels

5. Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction

a. increases GFR

b. decreases GFR

c. decreases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

d. none of the above

6. Ang I has how many amino acids?

a. 10

b. 8

c. 14

d. 12

7. The lungs contain which of the following enzymes?

a. ACE Inhibitor

b. ACE

c. renin

d. none of the above

8. Angiotensin 2is a secondary secretagogue for the release of which of the following hormones?

a. thyroxine

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. none of the above

9. Aldosterone

a. increases sodium reabsorption

b. decreases water reabsorption

c. decreases blood pressure

d. increases hematocrit

10. Which of the following hormone is lipid-soluble?

a. insulin

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. PTH

Consider 0.10 M solutions of the following substances. Rank the solutions in order of increasing pH where 1 is the solution with the lowest pH and 7 is the solution with the highest pH. Reference the K_a and K_b Tables , and think about the acid/base properties of each species present.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  HCl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Ca(OBr)₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  CaCl₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  C₆H₅NH₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  H₂NNH₃Cl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  KOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  H₃BO₃

How does a suicide inhibitor and transition state analogues work on an enzyme? Could they be used in developing pharmaceuticals?

Why is arsenate toxic(way of action, enzyme)? And does arsenate inhibit gluconeogenesis? Explain why or why not.

Explain what fermentation is. What are the substrates? What are the products? How is it related to fermentation and enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Compare between oxidase and catalase enzymes in microbial identification. Provide at least one example for each enzyme.

Illustrate and label the interactions between its hypothetical model of a substrate molecule bound in the active site of an enzyme.