1. Renin is released from the

a. macula densa cells

b. juxtaglomerular cells

c. hepatic cells

d. none of the above

2. JG cells are located in which of the following locations?

a. DCT

b. efferent arterioles

c. afferent arterioles

d. proximal tubules

3. When blood pressure decreases

a. renin release is decreased

b. renin release is increased

c. ACE activity is decreased

d. none of the above

4. When angiotensin II increases, the radius of the efferent arteriole

a. decreases

b. increases

c. does not change

d. There is no relationship between the radius of the arteriole and angiotensin II levels

5. Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction

a. increases GFR

b. decreases GFR

c. decreases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

d. none of the above

6. Ang I has how many amino acids?

a. 10

b. 8

c. 14

d. 12

7. The lungs contain which of the following enzymes?

a. ACE Inhibitor

b. ACE

c. renin

d. none of the above

8. Angiotensin 2is a secondary secretagogue for the release of which of the following hormones?

a. thyroxine

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. none of the above

9. Aldosterone

a. increases sodium reabsorption

b. decreases water reabsorption

c. decreases blood pressure

d. increases hematocrit

10. Which of the following hormone is lipid-soluble?

a. insulin

b. aldosterone

c. ACTH

d. PTH

Consider 0.10 M solutions of the following substances. Rank the solutions in order of increasing pH where 1 is the solution with the lowest pH and 7 is the solution with the highest pH. Reference the K_a and K_b Tables , and think about the acid/base properties of each species present.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  HCl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Ca(OBr)₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  CaCl₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  C₆H₅NH₂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  H₂NNH₃Cl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  KOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  H₃BO₃

How does a suicide inhibitor and transition state analogues work on an enzyme? Could they be used in developing pharmaceuticals?

Why is arsenate toxic(way of action, enzyme)? And does arsenate inhibit gluconeogenesis? Explain why or why not.

Explain what fermentation is. What are the substrates? What are the products? How is it related to fermentation and enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Compare between oxidase and catalase enzymes in microbial identification. Provide at least one example for each enzyme.

Illustrate and label the interactions between its hypothetical model of a substrate molecule bound in the active site of an enzyme.

Explain why the mutation of Asp-52 to Asn-52 decreases enzyme activity of lysozymes by 10,000 fold.

Is it possible for naturally produced proteins to have different functions without any change in amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence? How?