Explain and discuss what stall is and what causes an airfoil to stall. Why are commercial aircraft not allowed to fly at conditions near stall?

What pressure allows fine beach sand to have good bearing capacity at low tide on the flat area near the water?

What happens to the magnetic domain structure of a ferromagnet when it is placed in an external magnetic field?

- Domains whose magnetisation is at odds with the direction of the external field will vanish spontaneously at the expense of their neighbouring domains.

- Domains will re-orientate their magnetisation parallel with the external field, starting with the domain which is most add odds with the external field direction.

- Magnetic moments near Bloch walls will reorientate themselves in parallel with the external field.

- Magnetic moments near Bloch walls will reorientate themselves in line with the orientation of the adjacent domain if this means they will be closer to parallel alignment with the external field.

Explain what will happen as a result of the following events. In each case, draw an aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply diagram showing the initial equilibrium output level (Y0) and price level (P0). Show any changes and indicate the final equilibrium output level and price level.

A. The economy is operating near full capacity. Now environmental pollu¬tion standards are tightened substan¬tially.

B. The economy is operating near full capacity. An import tax (tariff) is imposed on foreign consumer goods, and the central bank tries to maintain the interest rate.

Farmers would like to know the amount of sunshine in given locations they may buy land.  They hypothesize that a place near the coast may have different cloud cover than a place further from the coast at the same latitude so that the sun angles are the same.   In the data sheet you have daily noontime reports of the fraction of cloud cover near the coast and inland.  Justify your acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis using these numbers, and state the confidence level you would use.

Cld cover coast: ,71,26,100,16,100,83,61,32,84,15

Cld cover inland: ,60,9,6,29,12,19,21,62,82,0,4,84,51,4,19

Which of these are actual evidence for the existence of a black hole in the center of the Milky Way, and which are not?

Stars are observed to disappear into the black hole

Bright quasar emission is detected from the center of the galaxy

Telescopes have been used to take high resolution images of the black hole's event horizon

Astronomers observe an extremely bright and compact radio source

The closest approach of stellar orbits near the center of the galaxy indicate the object is smaller than the solar system

Stellar velocities near the center of the galaxy indicate 4 million times the mass of the sun inside their orbit

Tempe Office Services and Supplies (TOSS) provides various products and services in the Tempe Research Park, home to numerous high-tech and bio-tech companies. Making color copies is one of its most popular and profitable services. The controller performed a regression analysis of data from the Color Copy Department with the following results:

The regression output was based on the following data:

Required:

1. What is the variable cost per color copy for TOSS?

2. What is the fixed cost for the Color Copy Department?

3. Based on the regression output obtained by the controller, what cost formula should be used to estimate future total costs for the Color Copy Department? Enter answer as an equation in the form of y = a + bx.

5-a. Use the high-low method to estimate the variable and fixed costs for the Color Copy Department.

5-b. What cost formula should be used based on your analysis? Enter answer as an equation in the form of y = a + bx.

6. If 21,300 copies are made during January, what is the total cost predicted by each method?

The Ocean City water park is considering the purchase of a new log flume ride. The cost to

purchase the equipment is $5,000,000, and it will cost an additional $380,000 to have it installed. The equipment has an expected life of six years, and it will be depreciated using a MACRS 7-year class life. Management expects to run about 150 rides per day, with each ride averaging 25 riders. The season will last for 120 days per year. In the first year the ticket price per rider is expected to be $5.25, and it will be increased by 4% per year. The variable cost per rider will be $1.4, and total fixed costs will be $425,000 per year. After six years, the ride will be dismatled at a cost of $215,000 and the parts will be sold for $450,000. The cost of capital is 8.5%, and its marginal tax rate is 35%.

a. Calculate the initial outlay, annual after-tax cash flow for each year, and the terminal cash flow.

b. Calculate the NPV, IRR, and MIRR of the new equipment. Is the project acceptable?

c. Create a Data Table that shows the NPV, IRR, and MIRR for MACRS classes of 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 years. What do you conclude about the speed of depreciation and the profitability of an investment?

d. Using Goal Seek, calculate the minimum ticket price that must be charged in the first year in order to make the project acceptable.

1. The EPA is considering an application from the state of Colorado for a large dam project on the Colorado River. The basic costs and benefits of the project (in inflation-adjusted dollar values) are as follows:

1. Do a formal Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) using the quantifiable factors listed above. Assume that the operating lifespan of the dam is 30 years. Assume construction begins in year 1. All other impacts start when the dam is completed (at the beginning of Year 4) and continue for 30 years, which implies the full lifespan for the project is 33 years.

CED 201: Introductory Environmental and Resource Economics

2. Assume that all costs and benefits are paid and received at the end of each year. (It will be easiest to do this using Excel. Help with this can be found in the book as well as using the Excel spreadsheet from the first homework assignment. I will also post another example on CANVAS.) For this part, do the discounting for the CBA using a 7% interest rate. Do your results indicate a definiteyes or no answer for the project?

3. Using the same parameters and results from part (a.), adjust the interest rate to determine the level of discounting necessary to just break even. (Hint: I would start by changing the interest rate in 1% increments and then refine the changes as you get close to the break-even point.) What does this increase or decrease in interest rate imply about the relationship between costs and benefits over time?

4. (Return to the setup from part (a.) with a 7% discount rate.) In addition to the components of the project listed above, what other costs and/or benefits do you think are missing that should be included? How do you think they will impact the overall conclusion regarding the profitability of the project? (Hint: I would suggest thinking about this in terms of existence values – i.e., based on our discussion in class surrounding the development of ANWR what values may need to be built into this analysis and how would you go about getting them. There isn’t one right answer – you just need to defend your reasoning for what you come up with. I would suggest starting by thinking about how many households there are in the US and how much each would pay per year to protect the ecosystems associated with the dam.)

5. Finally, holding constant the analysis you did in part (c.) what happens when you increase the acre-foot price of irrigation water from $700 to $1500 and/or the price per kilowatt hour of electricity from $0.125 to $0.15?