7.You want to set up a PCR reaction. The protocol suggests a 50 µL reaction volume containing 1X buffer, 200 µM dNTPs, 0.5 µM each primer (forward and reverse), 250 ng template DNA, and 1 U enzyme.

You have the following reagents: 5 X buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 10 µM each primer (forward and reverse), 125 ng/µL template DNA, and 2 U/µL enzyme.

How many µL of water, reaction buffer, dNTPs, each primer, template DNA and enzyme would you combine to set up that reaction? (note that the order I’ve listed these components is the order you’d add them to the reaction)

1. Describe the compound light microscope, what are the function of the stage clips. Specify what type of objects or organisms you would look at using each of these microscopes respectively.

2. Identify two structures that are unique to the plant cells and provide each of their functions. Describe what happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution and be sure to state the name of this process.

3. Name the four factors that affect enzyme activity. Explain how two factors promote enzyme activity and explain how two factors inhibit enzyme activity.

4. Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Be sure to describe the similarities and major differences.

5. Explain what alleles are and describe the difference between an autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorder.  

ENZYMES DATA ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Results:

 Table 5.1 - Catalase Activity

 Table 5.2 - Effect of Temperature

 Table 5.3 - Effect of Enzyme Concentration & Time

 Table 5.4 - Effect of pH

EFFECT OF pH:

1. Bubble height indicates the degree of enzyme activity. Based on the results of your experiment, which tube

had the highest bubble column height? What can you conclude about this pH?

2. Explain the results of the other two tubes. What is your conclusion concerning the effect of pH on enzyme

activity?

EFFECT OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION & TIME:

1. What is your conclusion concerning the effects of enzyme concentration and time on enzyme activity?

2. If unlimited time was allotted, would the results be the same in all tubes? Explain your answer.

ERRORS:

1. List two types of errors that could have occurred during this lab. Explain how they could have affected the

outcome of your experiments.

2. Were you surprised by any of the results you obtained in this lab? If so, what did you see and why do you

think it happened?

Unlike strong acids and bases that ionize completely in solution, weak acids or bases partially ionize. The tendency to ionize (i.e., the ionic strength) of a weak acid or base can be quantified in several ways including

Ka or Kb,

pKa or pKb,

and percent ionization.

Part A

Pyridine is a weak base that is used in the manufacture of pesticides and plastic resins. It is also a component of cigarette smoke. Pyridine ionizes in water as follows:

C5H5N+H2O⇌C5H5NH++OH−

The pKb of pyridine is 8.75. What is the pH of a 0.455 M solution of pyridine?

Express the pH numerically to two decimal places.

pH=____________

Part B

Benzoic acid is a weak acid that has antimicrobial properties. Its sodium salt, sodium benzoate, is a preservative found in foods, medications, and personal hygiene products. Benzoic acid dissociates in water:

C6H5COOH⇌C6H5COO−+H+

The pKa of this reaction is 4.2. In a 0.58 M solution of benzoic acid, what percentage of the molecules are ionized?

Express the percentage numerically using two significant figures.

percent ionized = _______________ %

1. List the seven strong acids and strong bases.

              Strong acids:

              Strong Bases:

2. If the titration of a 25.0 mL sample of acetic acid requires 34.45 mL of 0.30 M calcium hydroxide, what is the concentration of the acid?

a. Write the balanced equation first:

b. Now, show your work:

3. If 25.0 mL of .175 M nitric acid neutralizes 50.0 mL of ammonium hydroxide, what is the molarity of the base?

a. Write the balanced equation first:

b. Now, show your work:

c. Write the net ionic equation for this reaction.

4. What is the molarity of sulfuric acid if 27.75 mL of H2SO4 is required to neutralize 1.02 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate?

a. Write the balanced equation first;

b. Now, show your work:

5. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide. Make sure to label states of matter, and label the spectator ions.

Unlike strong acids and bases that ionize completely in solution, weak acids or bases partially ionize. The tendency of a weak acid or base to ionize can be quantified in several ways including

Ka or Kb,

pKa or pKb,

and percent ionization*.

*This assumes that species of equal concentrations are being compared as percent ionization is affected by concentration.

Part A

Pyridine is a weak base that is used in the manufacture of pesticides and plastic resins. It is also a component of cigarette smoke. Pyridine ionizes in water as follows:

C5H5N+H2O⇌C5H5NH++OH−

The pKb of pyridine is 8.75. What is the pH of a 0.400 M solution of pyridine? (Assume that the temperature is 25 ∘C.)

Express the pH numerically to two decimal places.

Part B

Benzoic acid is a weak acid that has antimicrobial properties. Its sodium salt, sodium benzoate, is a preservative found in foods, medications, and personal hygiene products. Benzoic acid ionizes in water:

C6H5COOH⇌C6H5COO−+H+

The pKa of this reaction is 4.2. In a 0.80 M solution of benzoic acid, what percentage of the molecules are ionized?

Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Why is it important to have ω-fatty acids in our diet?

What are the building blocks of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids?

Why doesnt the 2,4 DNPH test work for carboxylic acids?