Relative strengths of acids:

Can an Organic Chemistry I and II MASTER explain to me some rules of thumb in regards to the relative strengths of acids.

1) List the functional groups (alcohols, carboxylic acids, phenols, anhydrides, amides, etc.) in order of DECREASING ACIDITY.

2) In regards to substituents on aromatic rings, which substituents would act as stronger bases, why, and in what relative position (ortho, meta, or para); and if the number of substituents affects basicity?

The list will be most helpful, so please list as many functional groups as possible. Thank you in advance.

Let a and b be integers which are not both zero.

(a) If c is an integer such that there exist integers x and y with ax+by = c, prove that gcd(a, b) | c.

(b) If there exist integers x and y such that ax + by = 1, explain why gcd(a, b) = 1.

(c) Let d = gcd(a,b), and write a = da′ and b = db′ for some a′,b′ ∈ Z. Prove that gcd(a′,b′) = 1.

With respect to maximizing the rate of diffusion, and keeping in mind the equation describing diffusion rate (based on Fick’s first law of diffusion), rate = dS/dt = DA ΔC/Δx briefly describe three examples of adaptations/strategies that are evident in organisms (one each related to A, delta C, and delta x) that result in an increased rate of diffusion and explain why each would increase diffusion rate.

1. Decompose the liquidity preference demand for money function: M^d = D_t(PY) + D_a(R).

That is, what are the different reasons we wish to hold money and what are these reasons/demands determined by (or a "function of")?

And, in our model of the economy, “where” & how is the equilibrium interest rate determined?

2. Briefly explain with—or without—a bit of maths, why bond prices & interest rates are inversely related.

24.A reaction has a deltaG of 5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would most likely be true?

A. The reaction would result in products with a greater free-energy than in the reactants.

B. The reaction could be coupled to and thus powered by another reaction with a deltaG of -1.0 kcal/mol.

C. The reaction would release free energy.

D. The reaction is spontaneous.

E. The reaction is exergonic.

26. If we follow the oxidation of just one molecule of glucose, how many net ATP have been formed up to the end of the citric acid cycle?

A. 3

B. 2

C. 4

D. 5

E. 8

31.The Na+/K+ pump consummes a considerable amount of the total ATP produced by the cell (~30% for most cells and up to 70% in neurons), so this pump is critical for cellular function. Which of the following is true?

A. This pump contributes to a positive interior charge and thus resets the resting membrane potential of a neuron.

B. This pump is an example of passive transport.

C. This pump is a channel protein.

D. In the animal gut, the Na+ gradient generated by this pump is used to actively move glucose into the cell via coupled transport.

E. This pump hydrolyzes two ATP for each cycle through its conformations to move three Na+ ions and two K+ ions.

33. Which of the following is false regarding the structure of aquaporin?

A. The pore of this channel is selective and only allows water to cross the membrane.

B. The transmembrane portions of this channel that interact with the nonpolar tails of phospholipids are expected to be mostly hydrophobic amino acids.

C. This is an integral membrane protein that provides a pore through the membrane.

D. The pore of this channel is expected to be lined with hydrophobic amino acids.

34. Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A. Only heterotrophs require oxygen.

B. Only autotrophs have mitochondria.

C. Heterotrophs can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

D. Autotrophs are the ultimate source of organic compounds for heterotrophs.

E. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs.

34.The Calvin cycle could not occur without the light reactions. Which of the following statements describes why this is the case?

A. ADP and NADH produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

B. ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

C. ADP and NADP+ produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

D. Molecular oxygen produced in the light reactions provides the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

E. Photons of light directly activate the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle.

37. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is converted to.....
A. NAD+

B. water

C. the organic fuel (ie, glucose)

D. carbon dioxide

E. ATP

1. .....Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, except

   		bases.
   		rocks.
   		salts.
   		acids.
   		water.

A.... Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

B .... Which of the following substances would be most acidic?

C ... A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions.

D ... Because water has a high heat of vaporization it

E...If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is

F ....The primary high energy molecule formed and used in the cell is

G...Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with

H...All of the following are true concerning enzymes, except that they

I....Which of the following statements about water is not correct?

For enzymes that follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the inhibitors that inhibit enzyme activity include reversible inhibitor and irreversible inhibitor.
1. Describe the type of reversible inhibitor.
2. Suggest ways to distinguish between types of inhibitors through enzyme reaction experiments.

Financial Accounting

1. Describe the Straight-line depreciation method. Explain a real-life business example of an actual fixed asset being depreciated using the Straight-line depreciation method. (Review pages 454 to 457 & pages 476 to 478)

2. Describe a bond issued at par.  Explain why an investor would purchase a bond issued at par instead of a bond issued at a discount or a bond issued at a premium. (Review pages 515 to 520).

What are the main products/reactants/steps for each:

Glycolysis is part of cellular respiration:

Citric Acid cycle part of cellular respiration

Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation part of cellular respiration