3. ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of starch. Using AGPase as an example, describe how the regulation of this one enzyme can control the overall flux of carbon through starch biosynthesis in photosynthetic tissue.

Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water. Use the table in the introduction to classify the following chemical compounds as strong acids, weak acids, strong bases, and weak bases.

Part A

H3PO4(aq) and KOH(aq)

Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

Part B

HI(aq) and LiOH(aq)

Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

Part C

HNO3(aq) and Cu(OH)2(s)

Express your answer as a chemical equation including phases.

1) In (Kaleta et al) analysis in (In Silico Evidence for Gluconeogenesis from Fatty Acids in Humans), they identified acetone as an important intermediate in the conversion pathway from fatty acids to glucose. What is the source of acetone in the body and how is it generated under conditions of starvation? Please be specific and use diagrams if necessary. Hint: You do not need to show the complex pathways discussed in the paper.

2) List a limitation to the study in (In Silico Evidence for Gluconeogenesis from Fatty Acids in Humans) and offer suggestions as to how this limitation can be addressed.

1. ______ can be defined as maintaining critical parameters in the internal environment within tolerable ranges.

1. Irritability b. Evolution c. Homeostasis d. Metabolism e. Catabolism

2. The _____ is a membrane-bound network that processes proteins and lipids.

1. peroxisome
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. chloroplasts
4. ribosomes
5. lysosomes

3. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm in which:
   1. proteins are deaminated.
   2. proteins are synthesized.
   3. proteins are packaged for export.
   4. energy-rich molecules are broken down, using oxygen, to provide energy for cell activities.
   5. proteins are united with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.

4. Process by which a white blood cell actively engulfs a bacterial cell:

1. active transport b.osmosis c.phagocytosis d.pinocytosis e.colloidal diffusion

5. The function of messenger RNA is to:
   1. transport a message from ribosomes into the nucleus.
   2. form peptide bonds between amino acids.
   3. act as a template for protein synthesis at the ribosome.
   4. regulate protein degradation.
   5. All of the above

6. A gene contains the information which will be used by the cell to produce a specific:

1. amino acid b. protein c. nitrogen-containing base d. ATP molecule e. none of these

7. The overall reaction for cellular respiration is:
   1. pyruvic acid + NADH₂ → lactic acid + NAD
   2. ATP + C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
   3. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + ATP
   4. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
   5. NAD + lactic acid → pyruvic acid + NADH₂

8. Choose the correct statement(s) concerning hydrogen bonding. A hydrogen bond ___________.
   1. can involve two different polar molecules.
   2. can involve water molecules.
   3. is weaker than a covalent bond.
   4. can occur between molecules.
   5. All of the above are correct statements concerning hydrogen bonding.

9. Nonpolar molecules such as lipids are good examples of:
   1. hydrophobic molecules.
   2. electrolytes
   3. molecules that will dissociate when placed in water.
   4. hydrophilic molecules.
   5. solutes.

10. Glycogen is
    1. the storage form of glucose for animals.
    2. a disaccharide, found in milk.
    3. is formed from glucose in an anabolic reaction
    4. (a) and (b) are correct
    5. (a) and (c) are correct

11. Cell membranes are mostly composed of _____.
    1. enzymes, electron acceptors and electron donors
    2. fatty acids
    3. lipids and proteins
    4. monosaccharides
    5. nucleotides and nucleosides
12. The major function of the plasma membrane is to:
    1. define the structure of the organelles.
    2. provide genetic information for the cell.
    3. synthesize chemicals for metabolism.
    4. regulate the passage of molecules and ions.

13. The class of organic molecules characterized by their insolubility in water is the:

1. Carbohydrate b. lipids c. proteins d. ions e. nucleic acids

14. If a molecule is insoluble in water it is
    1. hydrophobic
    2. unable to freely pass through the cell membrane
    3. a polar molecule

15. Which of the following molecules can pass freely through the interior of the cell membrane?
    1. carbohydrates b. lipids c. amino acids d. DNA

16. Each amino acid differs from others in the:
    1. chemical structure of the R group.
    2. size of the amino group.
    3. number of carboxyl groups
    4. number of peptide bonds in the molecule.

17. The pH in an organism
    1. is a measure of the amount of H+
    2. can affect the structure of proteins
    3. can affect the function of proteins
    4. all of the above are true

18. Hydrophilic molecules such as carbohydrates and amino acids can enter the cell by
    1. using protein channels and carriers
    2. endocytosis
    3. exocytosis
    4. a and b are correct
    5. a and c are correct

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION, ANSWERS QUESTIONS 19-21 The phospholipid of the cell membrane is not permeable to ions. There is more Ca2+ and Na+ outside the cell while there is more K+ inside the cell.

19. If you open up a channel to Ca2+,

a) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) Ca2+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

20. If you open up a channel to K+.

a) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) K+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

21. If you open a channel to Na+,

a) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) Na+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

22. Which observation would suggest that active transport, rather than passive diffusion, is responsible for moving a particular substance from the outside of a cell into a cell?

   a. a higher concentration of the substance outside the cell than inside the cell.

   b. a higher concentration of the substance inside the cell than outside the cell.

   c. a positive correlation between ATP breakdown and the amount of substance taken in.

   d. b and c are both correct.

23.If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

a.water will move into the cell and the cell with swell b.water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink

24. If the tubule of the kidney contained solution that has an osmolarity of 300 and fluid in the surrounding tissue had an osmolarity of 450…

a. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water would leave the tubule

b. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water would enter the tubule

c. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water would enter the tubule

d. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water would leave the tubule

Part B, Chemistry (questions 25-33)

25. Element listed below which is NOT among the four most frequently found elements in living matter

a.carbon b. hydrogen c. sodium d. oxygen e. nitrogen

26. Potassium has one electron in its outermost shell. Therefore, to complete its outer shell, potassium is most likely to:

a.gain 7 electrons

b. lose 7 electrons

c. gain one electron

d. lose one electron

27. When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, the resulting opposite charges attract to form _____ bonds.

a.hydrogen b. polar covalent c. ionic d. covalent e. none of these

28. Type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared by two atoms:

a.hydrogen

   b. ionic

   c. isotopic

   d. electronic

   e. covalent

29. Water is said to be a polar compound because the shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms.

a.true

   b. false

30. What is the concentration of 360 grams of glucose (molecular weight 180 g/mol) placed in 200 ml of water?

a. 1.0 mol/liter b. 10 mol/liter c. 0.1 mol/liter d. 0.04 mol/liter

31. The breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into free fatty acids is an example of

a. an anabolic reaction

b. an exergonic reaction

c. a reaction that requires energy

d. (a) and (b) are correct

e. (a) and (c) are correct

32. The rate of chemical reaction may be affected by:

a. presence of enzymes

   b. concentration of reactants

   c. concentration of products

   d. temperature

   e. all of these

33. When the following reactions are at equilibrium:

H₂O 2H + O

   a. more water is formed than H and O

   b. less water is formed than H and O

   c. the amounts of H, O and H₂O are equal

   d. reaction A and reaction B are occurring at the same rate

   e. none of the above

Part C, General Science (questions 34-40)

34.If the electrical charge inside a cell was -70 millivolts, how many volts would this be?

a.-0.7 volts b. -0.07 volts c. -7.0 volts d. -70,000 volts e. -70 volts

35. What is the pH of solution that has a concentration of H+ that is 0.001 moles/liter (hint: express this number using scientific notation, then use the equation. pH = - log [H+].

a. -1 b. 3 c. 13 d. 7 e. -3

36. Using the graph below, with a ventricular stretch of 200 ml, what would be the stroke volume?

a.50 ml b. 70 ml c. 90 ml d. 110 ml e. 200 ml

37. If your heart pumps out 70 ml of blood per beat (stroke volume) and your heart rate is 60 beats per minute, what is the output of your heart in ml per minute (this is your cardiac output)

a.10 ml

b. 420 ml

c. 4,200 ml

d. 420 liters

e. 2.1 liters

38. 3,500 excess calories will eventually be converted to 1 pound of fat tissue. If you consume 70 calories a day more than you burn, how long would it take you to gain one pound of fat

a. 5 days b. 2 weeks c. 50 days d. 2 months e. 5 months

39. Following rigorous exercise, your heart rate was 40 beats in 20 seconds. What is your heart rate in beats per minute?

a.80 b. 160 c. 100 d. 90 e. 120

40. The amount that you learn in physiology is positively correlate with

a. the frequency of your attendance

   b. your desire to engage in lectures and labs

   c. your asking questions when you don’t understand something

   d. your willingness to address and work on your academic weaknesses

   e. all of these

Write the chemical reactions (substrates à products) for the three steps of glycolysis that have large negative free energy and thus are the irreversible regulatory steps and the steps bypassed in gluconeogenesis.

The oxygen we breathe is consumed during which process during the oxidation of glucose?

Generation of Metabolic Water

Glycolysis

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Oxidation of NADH to NAD+

During tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis, chorismate is an intermediate. During this process, phosphoenolpyruvate and alpha ketoglutarate are produced. If chorismate production is low, how can this effect glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?

The drug, cannabis, which is produced by the marijuana plant, is a byproduct of which reaction?

a. Dark reaction

b. Light reaction

c. Oxidative phosphorylation of plants

d. Glycolysis in plants

What process results in the removal of the glucosyl residue from the nonreducing end of the glycogen molecule by the addition of orthophosphate?

Group of answer choices

- phosphorolysis

- glycolysis

- dephosphorylation

- hydrolysis

- phosphorylation

Why does the mitochondria produce more ATP than glycolysis for each molecule of glucose broken down?

What charges the electrons in the photosystems (the source and the conduit that moves it into the electrons)