What is the significance of the use of NAD+ in glycolysis vs the presence of NADP+ in the pentose phosphate pathway? What does this difference indicate regarding the main purposes for these sets of reactions?

What is the purpose of each step in glycolysis? (This does not mean what are the products formed in each step, although it is for a select few). Which steps are key steps? Why?

Which reactions of glycolysis are coupled to ATP hydrolysis? Which reactions involve substrate-level phosphorylation? Which reactions depend on either fermentation or aerobic respiration to continue?

DESCRIBE THE PRODUCTS FORMED FROM ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE AT THE CONCLUSION OF GLYCOLYSIS, KREB’S CYCLE, AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. INCLUDE THE NUMBER OF ATP’S PRODUCED IN EACH OF THE FORMENTIONED.

Define Cellular Respiration and Aerobic Respiration.Discuss the process of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and The Electron Transport Chain. Outline each step in detail.What is the significance of these processes in microbial growth?

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose. Following cleavage by sucrase glucose is readily metabolized through glycolysis. Explain how fructose serves as an alternative glycolytic intermediate?

For each of the following mixtures of compounds, choose the best combination of separation method and detector that would be able to separate and analyze the mixture. a. a mixture of C7-C10 alkyl halides.(bp 150-200o C) Reverse Phase LC-MS CE-Fluorescence Normal phase LC-Absorbance GC-MS GC-ECD b. a mixture of amino acids in pH 2 buffer solution Reverse Phase LC-MS GC-ECD GC-MS Normal phase LC-Absorbance CE-Fluorescence c. a round bottom flask containing an organic starting material, product and possible byproducts. Assume low volatility. GC-MS CE-Fluorescence GC-ECD Reverse Phase LC-MS Normal phase LC-Absorbance d. a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (solids, non-polar, non-volatile) CE-Fluorescence GC-ECD Normal phase LC-Absorbance GC-MS Reverse Phase LC-MS e. a mixture of low molecular weight atmospheric pollutants collected from a freeway during rush hour. GC-MS Normal phase LC-Absorbance CE-Fluorescence Reverse Phase LC-MS GC-ECD

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?

   1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.

   2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.

   3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is depolarized when a wave of depolarization moves from the neuromuscular junction into the cell's interior by way of the transverse tubules.

   4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.

   5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane at the neuromuscular junction.

   	a.	1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
   	b.	2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
   	c.	3 → 4 → 2 → 1 → 5
   	d.	5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4
   	e.	5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

2. All of the following statements about a true hormone are correct except:

   	a.	They can be modified amino acids, peptides or steroid molecules
   	b.	They are used to communicate between different organisms.
   	c.	They are carried by the circulatory system
   	d.	They elicit specific biological responses from target cells.
   	e.	All of the above are correct statements about hormones.

1. This vitamin is involved with the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Rarely is there a deficiency of this vitamin because as the name suggests it is "widespread" in the food supply.

   		Biotin
   		Vitamin K
   		Folate
   		Pantothenic acid

2. Which of the following is not one of the functions of vitamin C?

   		Protects against infections
   		Involved in production and maintenance of collagen
   		Is a component of insulin
   		Promotes the absorption of iron

3. The treatment to this deficiency disease was accidentally discovered when the discarded brown coat of rice was given to chickens as scraps and then the attendant noticed the chickens did not walk stiff and weak following this diet. Alcoholics' staggering gait and jerky eye movements are the result of not being able to absorb the vitamin; usually a shot of this vitamin is given to those in rehabilitation programs. It is:

   		Thiamin B1
   		Riboflavin B2
   		Ascorbic acid C
   		Vitamin K

4. Sulfur, a mineral that forms bridges between amino acids and provides the rigid shape of nails and hair, is adequate in a diet that contains sufficient:

   		Fat
   		Protein
   		Carbohydrate
   		Vitamins

5. Which of the following minerals is part of the digestive acid that maintains the low pH of the stomach?

   		Heme
   		Chromium
   		Copper
   		Chloride

6. The following minerals are all involved in red blood cell (RBC) formation and utilization except:

   		Zinc
   		Copper
   		Iron
   		Fluoride