How do the four levels of protein structure affect the shape of enzymes and why is this important for enzyme function? Explain the "lock and key" model of enzyme function using the terms substrate, active site, and product.

Define protein-primed DNA replication.

Explain the general process of reverse transcription and integration. Explain the role of tRNA in retrovirus genome replication, the enzymatic activities of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, and the function of the integrase enzyme.

Catecholase is an enzyme found in potatoes. This enzyme works to turn the catechol in the potato to benzoquinone. Benzoquinone is a reddish brown color. Based on this information, read the following prompt and answer the question. A freshly cut potato turns brown when left standing. Why do mashed potatoes stay white? (Choose all that apply)

The catecholase in the fresh potato turned catechol into benzoquinone

The catecholase in the fresh potato became denatured and as a result was not able to turn catechol into benzoquinone

The catecholase in the mashed potato became denatured and as a result was not able to turn catechol into benzoquinone

The catecholase in the mashed potato turned catechol into benzoquinone

The catecholase in the fresh potato was able to lower the activation energy of the chemical reaction

The catecholase in the mashed potato was able to lower the activation energy of the chemical reaction

An enzyme was obtained in Dr. Cai’s lab. To study the kinetics of this enzyme, a

graduate student measured the velocity of the reaction at a substrate concentration

of 0.2 mM substrate. He found the initial rate decreased to 1/3 after 1.2 mM

competitive inhibitor was added. KI, the dissociation constant for the inhibitor

binding to the enzyme, is 0.5 mM. What is the KM, the Michaelis constant?

A. 0.33 mM
B. 0.5 mM
C. 0.1 mM

D. 1 mM

E. 10 mM

A pea plant requires an enzyme to produce flowers that are purple. If this enzyme is NOT functional, the flowers will be all white. Based on this information, which of the statements are true?

A. All of the answers provided are true.

B. The functional form of the protein is encoded by a recessive allele.

C. The non-functional form of the protein is encoded by a recessive allele.

Caro Manufacturing has two production departments, Machining and Assembly, and two service departments, Maintenance and Cafeteria. Direct costs for each department and the proportion of service costs used by the various departments for the month of August follow:

Required:

Use the reciprocal method to allocate the service costs. (Matrix algebra is not required.) (Negative amounts should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar amounts.)

1. The glomerular capillaries of nephron are associated with:

1. pH adjustment
2. Osmosis of water
3. Filtration
4. Reabsorption of nutrients

2. Urine is stored in:

1. Urinary bladder
2. Urethra
3. Ureter
4. Bowman’s capsule

3. The kidney secretes ___________ to increase blood pressure:

1. Renin
2. Angiotensinogen
3. Angiotensin I
4. Angiotensin converting enzyme

4. Which enzyme converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

1. Renin
2. Angiotensinogen converting enzyme
3. Secretin
4. aldosterone

5. Targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _________:

1. Adrenal medulla
2. Pituitary gland
3. Adrenal cortex
4. Nerves

Congenital defects in glycogen metabolism can have serious negative effects on human health. Below are several examples taken from box 15.4 in the text. For each example, state how glucose glycogen metabolism is likely altered from an inherited mutation to the stated enzyme (assume these mutations cause the enzymes to lose their normal function).

1. The “Type 0” glycogen storage disease (liver) is caused by glycogen synthase (GYS). Symptoms include low blood glucose, high ketone bodies, early death.
2. The “Type Ia (Von Gierke)” glycogen storage disease (liver) is caused by Glucose 6-phosphatase. Symptoms include enlarged liver and kidney failure.
3. The “Type VII (Tarui)” glycogen storage disease (muscle) is caused by PFK-1. Symptoms include muscle exercise cramps.

Please answer with explanation. Thank you!

Duplication of genes is an important evolutionary mechanism. As a result, many, cases are known in which a species has two or more identical genes.

Suppose there are two genes - A and B - that specify production of the same enzyme. These two genes show autosomal recessive inheritance. An abnormal phenotype results only if an individual does not make any of that enzyme. Only one of these two genes needs to be functional in order to make the enzyme.

What ratio of normal to abnormal progeny would result from a mating between two parents of genotype AaBb where A and B represent alleles that specify production of the enzyme, while a and b do not? Write your ratio like this - e.g 1:2

Suppose now there are three genes - A,B and C that specify production of this enzyme. Again, these traits show autosomal recessive inheritance. As before, only one single functional gene is sufficient for a wild-type phenotype. How many of the possible phenotypes would be normal? Write your answer as a number

number of normal phenotypes-

1. Select statements that are true regarding the function of the protein with the sequence provided below: MKSKILYGPSPVYPLESGTGGEHIHKYISKYAKIPGCVAMTNAHTKENLFYAELVELTCKLAHSLKRYGVTQESTIAVCSENSLQYFIPMISGLYIGAVTAAVSDKYDERELISCLNLSKPSLVFCSQQTLAKILQVKPKLDYIKKILVLDSVDNVDSMQSMHNLILKHCHPDFDVKHFKPDSFNDQKVAMILNSPGSTGLPKGVMLTHKNLLVRFCHCKDPIFGNQISPGTAILTAIPFPHGFGMSTVLGYLTCGFRIVLMHTFDSQLYLQSLQDYNVESTVMVPTLMTFFAKSPLVENYHLPNLKEIASGGAPLSKEIGEAVAKRFKLRTIRQGYGLTETTSTILITAAGEVVPGSTGRLVPFFAAKVVDCTSGEALGSNEVGELYFKGDMNMKGYCNNPEATAEMIDNDGWLHSGDLGYYNETGHFFIVDRLKSGIKYKGYQVAPAELEGILLTHPSIMDAGVTGIPDEYAGELPAACVVLKPGHNITEKSLVNYVSSRVSSVKKLRGGVRFVDEIPKGSTGKIDTRALKEILQKPKSHL *

• It is an enzyme.
• The sequence is an exact match to Aquatica lateralis.
• The substrate for the enzyme is luciferin.
• The substrate for the enzyme is luciferase.
• The protein is found in firefly species.
• The protein sequence is not an exact match to any known firefly species.
• The sequence is from the Kampung Kuantan fireflies.
• The protein is involved in bioluminescence.
• The protein is a fluorescent protein.

2. For the protein sequence provided below; identify the function of the protein. Select other statements that are TRUE regarding that protein sequence. //Protein sequence: MFVFLVLLPLVSSQCVNLTTRTQLPPAYTNSFTRGVYYPDKVFRSSVLHSTQDLFLPFFSNVTWFHAIHVSGTNGTKRFDNPVLPFNDGVYFASTEKSNIIRGWIFGTTLDSKTQSLLIVNNATNVVIKVCEFQFCNDPFLGVYYHKNNKSWMESEFRVYSSANNCTFEYVSQPFLMDLEGKQGNFKNLREFVFKNIDGYFKIYSKHTPINLVRDLPQGFSALEPLVDLPIGINITRFQTLLALHRSYLTPGDSSSGWTAGAAAYYVGYLQPRTFLLKYNENGTITDAVDCALDPLSETKCTLKSFTVEKGIYQTSNFRVQPTESIVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATRFASVYAWNRKRISNCVADYSVLYNSASFSTFKCYGVSPTKLNDLCFTNVYADSFVIRGDEVRQIAPGQTGKIADYNYKLPDDFTGCVIAWNSNNLDSKVGGNYNYLYRLFRKSNLKPFERDISTEIYQAGSTPCNGVEGFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQPYRVVVLSFELLHAPATVCGPKKSTNLVKNKCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTESNKKFLPFQQFGRDIADTTDAVRDPQTLEILDITPCSFGGVSVITPGTNTSNQVAVLYQDVNCTEVPVAIHADQLTPTWRVYSTGSNVFQTRAGCLIGAEHVNNSYECDIPIGAGICASYQTQTNSPRRARSVASQSIIAYTMSLGAENSVAYSNNSIAIPTNFTISVTTEILPVSMTKTSVDCTMYICGDSTECSNLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALTGIAVEQDKNTQEVFAQVKQIYKTPPIKDFGGFNFSQILPDPSKPSKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFIKQYGDCLGDIAARDLICAQKFNGLTVLPPLLTDEMIAQYTSALLAGTITSGWTFGAGAALQIPFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYENQKLIANQFNSAIGKIQDSLSSTASALGKLQDVVNQNAQALNTLVKQLSSNFGAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLITGRLQSLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIRASANLAATKMSECVLGQSKRVDFCGKGYHLMSFPQSAPHGVVFLHVTYVPAQEKNFTTAPAICHDGKAHFPREGVFVSNGTHWFVTQRNFYEPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGIVNNTVYDPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNHTSPDVDLGDISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQYIKWPWYIWLGFIAGLIAIVMVTIMLCCMTSCCSCLKGCCSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT *

• The protein is to be able to interact with an enzyme called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2.
• The protein is a recognizable feature that gives the name to a specific group of related viruses when the virus is studied using electron microscopy.
• The protein is called a corona protein and is composed of lipid chains that is the reason why coronaviruses can be degraded by soap.
• There are no available structures of this protein.
• Homologs of this protein can also be found in bats.