Every biochemistry student knows that most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are "cis" fatty acids. Why then do so many fat-containing foods come with the notation "contains no trans fats"?

A) Vegetable oils contain polyunsaturated fatty acids prone to oxidation, which then convert them to trans fats.

B) Olive oils, normally healthy oils, are converted to trans fat when cooked at high temperatures. Thus, olive oils are used only at low temperatures.

C) Vegetable oils are often hydrogenated to form trans unsaturated fatty acids to preserve shelf life.

D) Oils that contain an odd number of carbon atoms are particularly susceptible to reduction to trans fats. Thus, no odd number carbon fatty acids are used in these foods.

What do you think your 93rd amino acid is for this protein?

the amino acid sequence of the protein coded for by the wild-type TYRP1 is just below.

List the fruit peels other than orange having esterase enzyme and compare them based on the quantity of the enzyme.

In simple M-M kinetics, the units of kcat are s–1. Discuss how the units are consistent with the name “turnover number.” If kcat is large, what does that imply about the enzyme? Discuss the term catalytic efficiency; what does it mean for an enzyme to be efficient? How is it consistent with the term for catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km)? Discuss the contribution of the terms kcat and KM to the overall term of catalytic efficiency.

Discuss the meaning of enzyme reaction mechanism in the context of catalysis. How does the study of enzyme kinetics relate to reaction mechanism?

6. Glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide with the concomitant production of several reduced electron carrier molecules. Oxidative phosphorylation ensures the regeneration of these electron carrier molecules.

A. Cell Y is able to carry out glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. However, a certain mutation in ATP synthase allows the passage of H+ ions but does not produce ATP. When grown in aerobic conditions, would you expect Cell Y to generate a little less OR a little more OR the same amount of ATP as a cell that was fermenting. Explain your choice. (2.5 points)

B. Cell Z is able to carry out glycolysis, citric acid cycle and the first few steps of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. An experiment showed that addition of Inhibitor X prevented the transfer of electrons to the last protein in the electron transfer chain and glycolysis stopped immediately, even before all the ATP was depleted. Explain this observation. (2.5 points)

1 The Krebs Cycle occurs in/on the

A matrix of the mitochondria.

B cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondria.

C stroma of the chloroplast.

D cytoplasm of the cell.

E thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

At the end of glycolysis,

A a net of 2 ATP have been produced.

B one NADH has been produced.

C oxygen is released.

D two FADH2 have been produced.

E one glucose has been produced.

The majority of ATP produced by aerobic respiration is made in

A glycolysis.

B the Krebs Cycle.

C the electron transport chain.

D fermentation.

Glycolysis occurs in/on the

A matrix of the mitochondria.

B cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondria.

C stroma of the chloroplast.

D cytoplasm of the cell.

E thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

_______________________ are stripped from the intermediate organic molecules of the Krebs Cycle.

A carbon and hydrogen atoms

B oxygen and electrons

C H+ and electrons

D ATP and NAD

4. The rate with which enzymes can transform a substrate varies from enzyme to enzyme, and sometimes substrate to substrate. a) How are competitive and uncompetitive reversible inhibition similar? How is their effect on rate different? b) Enzyme reaction rates drop off dramatically as temperatures pass 50 °C or so, and do not return to their previous rate when cooled. Explain the drop off in activity and the lack of return to the previously higher reaction rates after heating. c) Pepsin is an enzyme that participates in digestion in the stomach, whereas trypsin is an enzyme that participates in digestion in the small inestines. Pepsin has the highest turnover number at around pH 2, whereas trypsin has the highest turnover number around pH 8. Explain this difference.

You are given 1.0 mL of the enzyme amylase and add cold 95% ethanol to reach a final concentration of 30% ethanol. What volume of the 95% ethanol did you need to add to the enzyme solution to obtain this concentration? (*note: this one is a little tricky—you will need to account for the starting volume of the enzyme solution.)

1. A bank has DA = 2.5 years, DL= 0.80 years, and k = 92%. Assets are equal to $1,200 million. According to the duration gap model, find the change in the direction and magnitude of interest rate that would make the institution insolvent if rates are currently 5 percent?

please answer in excel format