You want to use PCR to amplify a 1Kb exon of the human autosomal gene phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) from the genome of a person suffering from the disease phenylketonuria, which is due to this enzyme not functioning.

a) You start with 1 nanogram of genomic DNA in your sample tube. Assuming a human haploid genome is 3 x 10⁹ bp, and each bp has a mass of 660 g/mole, how many moles of haploid genomes are present at the start of your PCR experiment?

b) The PH gene is present in a single copy in the haploid genome. How many template molecules of the PH gene are present at the start of your PCR experiment? (Give your answer in molecules, not moles of molecules.)

c) You set your PCR machine to run for 25 cycles to amplify your 1 kb fragment. Assume every cycle exactly doubles your desired target DNA. At the end of your 25 cycles, how much amplified DNA have you created, in terms of number of molecules AND mass of DNA?

47. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to and later enters . a. triglyceride // glycolysis b. carbon dioxide // fermentation c. pyruvate // the Krebs cycle d. fat // the electron transport chain    e. NADH // the Krebs cycle

49. There are two general metabolic states: absorptive and postabsorptive. All the following processes would occur in the postabsorptive state EXCEPT? a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenesis c. lipolysis d. glycogenolysis e. glycolysis

In regards to the digestive system-

Review digestion of carbohydrates:

Review of digestion of proteins:

Review digestion of fats:

1 Explain the meaning of the term mutarotation.

2 Draw the structure of a disaccharide made up of two D-glucose units. The glycosidic bond is

    α-1,6-glycosidic bond.

3 Trehalose is a disaccharide that can be obtained from fungi, sea urchins and insects. Acid hydrolysis of

    trehalose yields only D-glucose. Trehalose is hydrolysed by α-glucosidase and not by β-glucosidase

    enzymes. Methylation of trehalose followed by hydrolysis yields two molar equivalents of

    2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose.

1.   From the following experimental data, deduce the structure of trehalose.
2. What will be the effect of trehalose on Fehling’s solution?

4(a) Suggest a test you will use to show that a given food substance contains protein.

2. Show how you will use

1. Modified Gabriel’s Synthsis
2. Streckers’s Synthesis   to prepare phenylalanine in the laboratory.

5 (a) Describe in detail how you will determine the primary structure of protein.

(b) You have been given a mixture of lysine, histidine and cysteine. The isoelectric point of the amino acids are as follows:

Histidine                        7.64

Lysine                             9.74

Cystenie                         5.02

Show how you will separate the mixture into the pure forms. State and describe any instrument that you will use to separate the components in the mixture.

6 (a) A decapeptide has the following amino acid composition:

         Ala₂ , Arg, Cys, Glu, Gly, Leu, Lys, Phe, Val

       Partial hydrolysis yields the following tripeptides:

       Cys-Glu-Leu + Gly-Arg-Cys + Leu-Ala-Ala+ Lys-Val-Phe + Val-Phe-Gly.

       Reaction of the decapeptide with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene yields 2,4-dinitrophenylysine. From the

       experimental data, deduce the primary structure of the decapeptide.

   (b) Suggest a scheme you will follow to synthesize the dipeptide Ala-Gly

Which of the substances below does NOT travel in the blood and act on a receptor
to cause its effects?
A. cholecystokinin
B. chymotrypsin
C. gastrin
D. secretin

If the vagus nerves (parasympathetic) were cut, which one of the following is true?
A. bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas will be inhibited in the intestinal phase
B. the cephalic phase of gastric secretions would be inhibited
C. saliva secretion would no longer occur
D. glucose absorption will be prevented

If brush border cells were no longer functioning, which one of the following could still
be digested?
A. dipeptide à amino acid + amino acid
B. triglyceride à monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids
C. fructose à glucose + sucrose
D. lactose à glucose + galactose

What is true regarding the absorption of carbohydrates?
A. monosaccharides must be further digested before they can be absorbed
B. disaccharides are absorbed with hydrogen ions across the apical membrane of
intestine cells
C. sodium cotransporters move all absorbable carbohydrates into epithelial cells
D. fructose can be absorbed with a facilitated transporter

What is true regarding carbohydrate use in the body?
A. neurons increase glycogenesis in the fed state
B. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle provides glucose for the body
C. excess glucose is utilized in a process of lipogenesis
D. an increase in blood glucose levels results in ketogenesis

What is true about neurons that produce vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)?
A. are found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. have axons that end within the posterior pituitary
C. are activated when blood volume is elevated
D. are sensitive to blood temperature changes
20. What are mutations of the MC4 receptor

Compare and conntrast negative feedback control of an enzyme versus enzyme repression.

There is an enzyme “amylase” used in Bioethanol production at large scale. The enzyme has excellent Kcat and Km values but there is issue of thermostability. The enzyme cannot work beyond 50oC temperature which is not optimum for industry. We have been giving a target to increase its thermostability by using Rational Design. Can you please let us know that which region (Helix, Sheet, Loops) will be targeted to increase thermostability of enzyme and why?

Enzyme A is required to produce red pigment on the abdomen of a bird. A biochemist evaluated birds with red and pale (not red) abdomens and determined that a minimum of 50 units of Enzyme A is necessary to obtain red pigmentation. A new mutation in the gene that produces Enzyme A, results in only 10 units of Enzyme A in birds homozygous for the mutation. The mutation would be best considered as"

A: suppressor

B: null

C: co-dominant

D: gain of function

E: leaky

The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at equilibrium. You can leave out water itself.

Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row.

You will find it useful to keep in mind that

NH3

is a weak base.