Understanding Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Ethnocentrism is the tendency of people to put their own culture at the center, and to use their cultural standards to judge the behavior and beliefs of people of different cultures. People who are ethnocentric believe their cultural beliefs are morally correct and others are morally questionable. They often become so deeply engrossed in their culture that other cultures and the people in them become unimportant. To some degree all people are ethnocentric. It is a natural tendency for each of us to believe that our cultural beliefs are the best. However, ethnocentrism prevents us from becoming culturally competent and responsive to others who share differing cultural beliefs, traditions, practices, and affiliations.

The opposite of ethnocentrism is Cultural Relativism. Cultural relativism is the view that the behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another. The goal of cultural relativism is to be objective and sensitive to diverse cultures without ignoring international standards of justice and morality (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2002). The key to eliminating ethnocentrism is to first acknowledge that one is ethnocentric. Becoming more culturally relative can be achieved by recognizing the attitudes and beliefs related to ethnocentrism and then working to dispel them.

Please answer the following questions and post your answers to Blackboard.

1. How does ethnocentrism develop?

2. Did you recognize your own ethnocentric beliefs and attitudes?

3. Do people within the same culture always share the same attitudes and beliefs? If yes, why? If no why not? • Is anyone culture really better than another?

4. Are there any dangers to ethnocentric attitudes in a world that is becoming more diverse? If yes, what are the dangers?

5. How can ethnocentric beliefs and attitudes become more culturally relative?

6. What are things you can do in your life today to become more culturally relative?

7. Do you think your family and friends might resist your becoming more culturally relative, if yes, why? If no, why not?

Solve problem (P4.2) from the textbook using the following data instead of the data given in the textbook. Solve only requirements under a, b and c. Show your assumptions and consequent calculations on how you catered for the fact that 1997 means first half of the year and 1997.5 means in the second half of the year; without such initial, your solution will not be considered as your own.   (Hint: you may use Excel or any software to conduct linear regression/linear curve fitting. Note also that ‘condition’ should be related to age and not the date).

Show the details of your ‘software’ analysis and calculations.

This is the book Q :

Appearing below is a series of roof inspection condition summaries, where 1 is excellent and 5 is poor. Note that an inspection 1997.5 occurred in the second six months of 1997, whereas 1997 occurred in the first six months of 1997. The roof was replaced in 1985. Answer the questions below. You might use software aids, such as EXCEL or MATLAB, for this problem.
65

a. Estimate an ordinary least squares regression deterioration model of the form: Condition = a + b(age) where age is the age of the roof in years. Report your parameter estimates, standard errors, t-statistics and R^2 values. Note that there is a gap in the data from 1985 to 1996! b. Suppose I have a comparable roof that is 12 years old. What would your regression model in (a) predict for its condition? What would it predict for age 18? At what age is condition expected to become 5? c. Plot the data and your regression line.

course: Infrastructure managment

• Check My Work

CH12

1. With double-digit annual percentage increases in the cost of health insurance, more and more workers are likely to lack health insurance coverage (USA Today, January 23, 2004). The following sample data provide a comparison of workers with and without health insurance coverage for small, medium, and large companies. For the purposes of this study, small companies are companies that have fewer than 100 employees. Medium companies have 100 to 999 employees, and large companies have 1000 or more employees. Sample data are reported for 50 employees of small companies, 75 employees of medium companies, and 100 employees of large companies.

1. Conduct a test of independence to determine whether employee health insurance coverage is independent of the size of the company. Use  = .05. Use Table 12.4.
   
   Compute the value of the  ² test statistic (to 2 decimals).
   
   
   The p value is ?
   
   
   
2. The USA Today article indicated employees of small companies are more likely to lack health insurance coverage. Calculate the percentages of employees without health insurance based on company size (to the nearest whole number).
   

   Small	%
   Medium	%
   Large	%

   SMALL ? , MEDIUM? LARGE ?

2.

During the first 13 weeks of the television season, the Saturday evening 8:00 P.M. to 9:00 P.M. audience proportions were recorded as ABC 30%, CBS 27%, NBC 25%, and independents 18%. A sample of 300 homes two weeks after a Saturday night schedule revision yielded the following viewing audience data: ABC 93 homes, CBS 63 homes, NBC 88 homes, and independents 56 homes. Test with  = .05 to determine whether the viewing audience proportions changed. Use Table 12.4.

Round your answers to two decimal places.

χ ² = ??

Your elder brother Kazim has been hired as CFO in Sohar Power Company SAOG. Sohar Power
company SAOG owns and operates the largest power generation and water desalination plant in
the Sultanate. Sohar Power is incorporated in 2004. Since then, the company has built and owns
the 585 MW electricity generation and 33 MIGD seawater desalination plant. Sohar Power has a
history of research and development in the field of power generation and water purification. It has
a long established policy for the treatment of expenditure on research and development, on which
it spends huge amount annually.
Recently, Kazim becomes aware that an investment of OMR 100,000 which was made last year
for research and development programme, has not been properly evaluated. Although in aggregate
OMR 1 million has been spent, but Kazim thinks that the criteria for the investment was not fair
and clear. The director for the research committee did not assess properly and the output of the
investment was poor. Kazim enquires Mr. Abid, the director of research committee to justify the
investment. Abid replies by saying that they will satisfy the auditors in any way.
However, the financial year end is only two months away and OMR 1 million in write-off at this
late stage in the financial year would cause Kazim and his team in difficulties. The company has
to finalize the year-end report. Kazim called the meeting of directors and discussed the issue.
During the meeting they have serious reservations on research committee. One of the directors
suggested that this amount will be considered as an asset and it will be presented on the financial
statement for this year and it would be write off in the next financial year.
a. In your opinion, what decisions will be taken by Kazim to satisfy the auditors and board of
directors of the company? How this transaction would be reflected on financial statement of Sohar
Power?
b. Abid, working on a high position in a company thinks that auditors can be satisfied in an
unethical manner. How could such an unethical behavior be a learning experience for the rest of
the employees? In your opinion, who is to be blamed for this incident in Sohar Power and why?

Statistics for Nursing Research 3rd edition Grove and Cipher

A randomized experimental study examined the impact of a special type of vocational rehabilitation on employment variables among spinal-cord injured veterans, in which post-treatment wages and hours worked were examined (Ottomanelli, Goetz, Suris, McGeough, Sinnott, Toscano, Barnett, Cipher, Lind, Dixon, Holmes, Kerrigan, & Thomas, 2012). Participants were randomized to receive supported employment or treatment as usual (“Control”). Supported employment refers to a type of specialized interdisciplinary vocational rehabilitation designed to help people with disabilities obtain and maintain community-based competitive employment in their chosen occupation (Bond, 2004).

A subset of simulated data from this study are presented in HW5.sav. The independent variable in this example is treatment group (Supported Employment Vocational Rehabilitation Versus Control), and the dependent variable was the amount of weekly wages earned post-treatment. The null hypothesis is “There is no difference between the treatment and control groups in post-treatment weekly wages earned among veterans with spinal cord injuries.”

1.Compute an independent samples t-test using “Group” as the independent variable and “Wages” as the dependent variable. List the numerator value. Hint: No hand calculations are required for Q1 and 2. The values are found in the output.

2.List the denominator value.

Data from excel:

column 1:

"ID"

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Column 2

"Group"

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

"wages"

$75
$70
$125
$140
$200
$165
$149
$75
$150
$135
$200
$225
$157
$165
$330
$210
$330
$290
$250
$170

Your elder brother Kazim has been hired as CFO in Sohar Power Company SAOG. Sohar Power
company SAOG owns and operates the largest power generation and water desalination plant in
the Sultanate. Sohar Power is incorporated in 2004. Since then, the company has built and owns
the 585 MW electricity generation and 33 MIGD seawater desalination plant. Sohar Power has a
history of research and development in the field of power generation and water purification. It has
a long established policy for the treatment of expenditure on research and development, on which
it spends huge amount annually.
Recently, Kazim becomes aware that an investment of OMR 100,000 which was made last year
for research and development programme, has not been properly evaluated. Although in aggregate
OMR 1 million has been spent, but Kazim thinks that the criteria for the investment was not fair
and clear. The director for the research committee did not assess properly and the output of the
investment was poor. Kazim enquires Mr. Abid, the director of research committee to justify the
investment. Abid replies by saying that they will satisfy the auditors in any way.
However, the financial year end is only two months away and OMR 1 million in write-off at this
late stage in the financial year would cause Kazim and his team in difficulties. The company has
to finalize the year-end report. Kazim called the meeting of directors and discussed the issue.
During the meeting they have serious reservations on research committee. One of the directors
suggested that this amount will be considered as an asset and it will be presented on the financial
statement for this year and it would be write off in the next financial year.
a. In your opinion, what decisions will be taken by Kazim to satisfy the auditors and board of
directors of the company? How this transaction would be reflected on financial statement of Sohar
Power?
b. Abid, working on a high position in a company thinks that auditors can be satisfied in an
unethical manner. How could such an unethical behavior be a learning experience for the rest of
the employees? In your opinion, who is to be blamed for this incident in Sohar Power and why?

1. With double-digit annual percentage increases in the cost of health insurance, more and more workers are likely to lack health insurance coverage (USA Today, January 23, 2004). The following sample data provide a comparison of workers with and without health insurance coverage for small, medium, and large companies. For the purposes of this study, small companies are companies that have fewer than 100 employees. Medium companies have 100 to 999 employees, and large companies have 1000 or more employees. Sample data are reported for 50 employees of small companies, 75 employees of medium companies, and 100 employees of large companies.

1. Conduct a test of independence to determine whether employee health insurance coverage is independent of the size of the company. Use  = .05. Use Table 12.4.
   
   Compute the value of the  ² test statistic (to 2 decimals).
   
   
   The p value is ?
   
   
2. The USA Today article indicated employees of small companies are more likely to lack health insurance coverage. Calculate the percentages of employees without health insurance based on company size (to the nearest whole number).

   Small	%
   Medium	%
   Large	%

   SMALL ? , MEDIUM? LARGE ?

2.

2. During the first 13 weeks of the television season, the Saturday evening 8:00 P.M. to 9:00 P.M. audience proportions were recorded as ABC 30%, CBS 27%, NBC 25%, and independents 18%. A sample of 300 homes two weeks after a Saturday night schedule revision yielded the following viewing audience data: ABC 93 homes, CBS 63 homes, NBC 88 homes, and independents 56 homes. Test with  = .05 to determine whether the viewing audience proportions changed. Use Table 12.4.

Round your answers to two decimal places.

χ ² = ??

6.5.4

According to the WHO MONICA Project the mean blood pressure for people in China is 128 mmHg with a standard deviation of 23 mmHg (Kuulasmaa, Hense & Tolonen, 1998). Blood pressure is normally distributed.

1. State the random variable.
2. Suppose a sample of size 15 is taken. State the shape of the distribution of the sample mean.
3. Suppose a sample of size 15 is taken. State the mean of the sample mean.
4. Suppose a sample of size 15 is taken. State the standard deviation of the sample mean.
5. Suppose a sample of size 15 is taken. Find the probability that the sample mean blood pressure is more than 135 mmHg.
6. Would it be unusual to find a sample mean of 15 people in China of more than 135 mmHg? Why or why not?
7. If you did find a sample mean for 15 people in China to be more than 135 mmHg, what might you conclude?

6.5.6

The mean cholesterol levels of women age 45-59 in Ghana, Nigeria, and Seychelles is 5.1 mmol/l and the standard deviation is 1.0 mmol/l (Lawes, Hoorn, Law & Rodgers, 2004). Assume that cholesterol levels are normally distributed.

1. State the random variable.
2. Find the probability that a woman age 45-59 in Ghana has a cholesterol level above 6.2 mmol/l (considered a high level).
3. Suppose doctors decide to test the woman’s cholesterol level again and average the two values. Find the probability that this woman’s mean cholesterol level for the two tests is above 6.2 mmol/l.
4. Suppose doctors being very conservative decide to test the woman’s cholesterol level a third time and average the three values. Find the probability that this woman’s mean cholesterol level for the three tests is above 6.2 mmol/l.
5. If the sample mean cholesterol level for this woman after three tests is above 6.2 mmol/l, what could you conclude?

Write a C++ program that prints a calendar for a given year.

ONLY USING "#include<iostream>" and "#include<cmath>" The program prompts the user for two inputs:

      1) The year for which you are generating the calendar.
      2) The day of the week that January first is on, you will use the following notation to set the day of the week:

      0 Sunday                     1 Monday                   2 Tuesday                   3 Wednesday
      4 Thursday                 5 Friday                      6 Saturday

Your program should generate a calendar similar to the one shown in the example output below. The calendar should be printed on the screen. Your program should be able to handle leap years. A leap year is a year in which we have 466 days. That extra day comes at the end of February. Thus, a leap year has 466 days with 29 days in February. A century year is a leap year if it is divisible by 400. Other years divisible by 4 but not by 100 are also leap years.

Example: Year 2000 is a leap year because it is divisible by 400.  Year 2004 is a leap year because it is divisible by 4 but not by 100.

Your program should clearly describe the functionality of each function and should display the instructions on how to run the program.

Sample Input:

Enter the year for which you wish to generate the calendar: 2018
Enter the day of the week that January first is on: 1

Sample output:

Calendar for year 2018

January
Sun      Mon     Tue      Wed     Thu      Fri        Sat
            1          2          4           4          5          6         

7          8          9          10        11        12        14       

14       15        16        17         18        19        20       

21       22        24        24         25        26        27       

28       29        40        41

February
Sun      Mon     Tue      Wed     Thu      Fri        Sat
                                                1          2          4         

4          5          6          7          8          9          10       

11        12        14        ..         ..          ..          ..         

..          ..          ..          ..          ..          ..          ..

..

..

..