Demand and Supply Project

Overview: In economics, students need to be able to graph and explain the concepts related to supply and demand.

Purpose: The purpose for this project is for students to demonstrate the ability to analyze objective data and use supply and demand models and concepts that project possible economic outcomes.

Requirements: Number and answer each of the questions below.

1. Graph the following price and quantity information for athletic shoes. Label all parts of the graph including price, quantity, supply, demand and the equilibrium point as E1. (2 points)

2. Is the demand curve a direct or inverse relationship? Explain how price relates to quantity demanded. (1 point)
3. Is the supply curve a direct or inverse relationship? Explain how price relates to quantity supplied. (1 point)
4. What is the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity? Provide the exact numbers from the chart above. (1 point)
5. If the price of athletic shoes changes from $45 to $40 is this a movement along, or a shift of the demand and/or supply curves. Explain the changes in quantity demanded and quantity supplied. (2 points)
6. If incomes increase, what direction will the supply curve or demand curve shift? How do the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change? Show this on a separate graph with the original curves from question 1, label the new equilibrium point E2, and explain in writing which curve shifts and how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change (up or down). (3 points)
7. If labor costs decrease, what direction will the supply curve or demand curve shift? How do the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change? Show this on a separate graph with the original curves from question 1, label the new equilibrium point E3, and explain in writing which curve shifts and how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change (up or down). (3 points)
8. If a substitute good (tennis shoes) becomes available at a lower price, what direction will the supply curve or the demand curve shift. How do the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change? Show this on a separate graph with the original curves from question 1, label the new equilibrium point E4, and explain in writing which curve shifts and how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change (up or down). (3 points)
9. Answer all parts below using the following scenario: incomes decrease and labor costs decrease at the same time. (9 points in total)
   1. What direction will the supply and demand curves shift?
   2. Show on a separate graph, with the original curves from question 1, the potential situation that can occur if the demand curve shifts to a greater degree than the supply curve in relation to quantity. Label the new equilibrium point E5 and explain in writing what changes occur with the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity (up, down, or stays the same).
   3. Show on a separate graph, with the original curves from question 1, the potential situations that can occur if the demand curve shifts to a lesser degree than the supply curve in relation to quantity. Label the new equilibrium point E6 and explain in writing what changes occur with the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity (up, down, or stays the same).
   4. Show on a separate graph, with the original curves from question 1, the potential situations that can occur if the demand curve shifts to the same degree as the supply curve in relation to quantity. Label the new equilibrium point E7 and explain in writing what changes occur with the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity (up, down, or stays the same).

Sex Education and Teenage Pregnancy Santrock (2016) mentions in his text that the United States has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates of industrialized nations, despite the fact that adolescent sexual activity is no higher in the United States. Why is that? For starters, sex during adolescence is considered a "taboo" subject in our culture. Abstinence is also promoted and touted as the most safest, surefire way to avoid the consequences of early sexual activity. Additionally, we teach teens that sexual activity is an "adult activity" and do not acknowledge that during the adolescent period, when there is an upsurge of hormones and changes in the physiological landscape, teens grow curious about their bodies and that of the opposite sex. Teens are also at a stage in their life where experimentation and identify formation are at its "peak", and questioning, expressing, and exploring their sexual identity is part of that process. How many people did you know in high school knew what sex was and even had sex? Probably the majority. That is because sexual curiosity during adolescence is part of healthy, typical human development. What is sex education? Briefly, sex education is about instilling accurate, scientific-based information and spreading awareness about the following: 1. The physiological changes that occur in the body due to pubertal/hormonal changes. 2. The risks and consequences involved in sexual activity such as contracting sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. 3. It involves teaching youngsters how to set boundaries with others when it comes to their own body and other people's bodies (i.e."No means NO!"). 4. Contraception options-how to be "sex smart" such as the benefits of using protection. 5. A discussion about knowing when they are "ready" to have sex. 6. Define rape and sexual assault and how to know if you are about to be a victim. Put it in Perspective... Answer the Following Discussion Questions: 1. What was your experience with 'sex education'? Did you take a class in school? Did you learn from your caregivers? Include points that you remember learning. And how has that served you as a teenager? 2. According to the film "Inside the Teenage Brain" and your textbook readings, what are some effective ways to approach a conversation with teenagers about 'safe sex'? and here is the example of answering the questions. and please answers the question like the way that my classmate answered and go to details and write down 2 paragraph in total like the way that muy classmate did. Thank you! Example: 1. In elementary school during the end of 4th grade is when I first got introduced to 'sex education'. It wasn't necessarily a real class but more of a discussion that lasted a couple days, no more than a week. I remember the boys were in one classroom getting taught about sex education as well with a male teacher and as for the girls, we were in a separate room getting taught about sex education with a female teacher. The same thing happened as we entered the 5th grade. I remember learning about the menstrual cycle for the first time and how to go about it. To be quite honest I don't remember much else from these discussions. What stuck most to my head was the topic of pubertal/hormonal changes. It served me well as a teenager because I was prepared for these changes to happen and knew exactly how to handle it. 2. An effective way to a approach a conversation with a teenager about 'safe sex' is first and foremost start the 'talk' early on. Also to approach the talk openly and in an non-judgemental way so they can feel confident about asking any questions regarding the topic. There must be a sense of trust.

JAVA programming Classwork- please answer all prompts as apart of one java programming project

Part A

Add to your project this class Position, which has x and y coordinates.

Create an abstract class GameElt, which has a String name, an int health (keep it in the range 0 to 100) and a Position pos.

For GameElt, include a default constructor that starts pos at (0, 0), and a parameterized constructor that takes x and y coordinates and a name. health should always start at 100.

Create a class BigDarnHero which inherits from GameElt. Override toString so that when we print a hero, we see something like "Thondar the Hero (3, 17)" based on the name and the position. Other than toString and two constructors taking the same parameters as in GameElt, you do not need to add anything else for this class at this time.

Part B

☑ Create an interface MoveStrategy which requires methods

• void move(Position p, String direction)
• boolean chanceToFall()

The idea is that moving in a given direction will change the given position, and chanceToFall will return true if a fall happened or false otherwise. How this happens will depend on the implementation in the actual classes.

Moving North or South will change the Y coordinate (vertical movement) moving East or West will change the X coordinate (horizontal movement). Direction will be passed as "N", "S", "E", or "W".

☑ Write a class WalkMoveStrategy which implements MoveStrategy. When walking, the position changes by 1 in the direction chosen, and a message like "Walking from (7,1) to (7, 2)." should also be printed out.

People who are walking have a 1 in 20 chance of falling. In chanceToFall choose a random number and use it to determine if chanceToFall returns true.

You do not need to add anything other than the methods to implement the strategy, not even a constructor

☑ Change GameElt so that it also has an instance variable moveStrat of type MoveStrategy.

Add to GameElt a method move(direction) which calls moveStrat's move method, passing it the direction given and GameElt's pos instance variable. Then call chanceToFall and if the GameElt fell while moving, print a statement about this and reduce health by 5.

☑ In all constructors for BigDarnHero, set the MoveStrategy to a new instance of WalkMoveStrategy.

☑ In a main program, create a BigDarnHero named "Mighty Thog" at (5, 3) and have them walk three moves north and one west. Print the hero before they move, and again after they have moved.

Part C

☑ Add another class RunMoveStrategy which implements MoveStrategy, and whose move method changes the position by 5 in the direction given, as well as printing something like "Running from (9, 3) to (4, 3). Boy my mighty thews are tired."

People who run have a 1 in 10 chance of falling.

☑ To BigDarnHero, add a method speedUp() which changes the hero's MoveStrategy to a RunMoveStrategy, and a method slowDown which changes the MoveStrategy to a WalkMoveStrategy.

☑ In the main program, have Mighty Thog move around, speed up, move around, slow down, and move around again.

Part D

☑ Add another strategy for movement, RandomCursedMoveStrategy, which changes the position by a random amount in a random direction, no matter what direction is passed in, and prints out something like "Truly, I am accursed and shall never get to class on time".

People moving by this strategy have a 50/50 chance of falling and hurting themselves.

In the main program, create a hero, set this as their movement strategy, and add some movement for them.

Problem 6-25 Changes in Fixed and Variable Costs; Break-Even and Target Profit Analysis [LO6-4, LO6-5, LO6-6]

Neptune Company produces toys and other items for use in beach and resort areas. A small, inflatable toy has come onto the market that the company is anxious to produce and sell. The new toy will sell for $2.60 per unit. Enough capacity exists in the company’s plant to produce 30,300 units of the toy each month. Variable expenses to manufacture and sell one unit would be $1.66, and fixed expenses associated with the toy would total $42,223 per month.

The company's Marketing Department predicts that demand for the new toy will exceed the 30,300 units that the company is able to produce. Additional manufacturing space can be rented from another company at a fixed expense of $2,111 per month. Variable expenses in the rented facility would total $1.82 per unit, due to somewhat less efficient operations than in the main plant.

Required:

1. What is the monthly break-even point for the new toy in unit sales and dollar sales.

2. How many units must be sold each month to attain a target profit of $9,594 per month?

3. If the sales manager receives a bonus of 25 cents for each unit sold in excess of the break-even point, how many units must be sold each month to attain a target profit that equals a 23% return on the monthly investment in fixed expenses?

(For all requirments, Round "per unit" to 2 decimal places, intermediate and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

Problem 6-25 Changes in Fixed and Variable Costs; Break-Even and Target Profit Analysis [LO6-4, LO6-5, LO6-6]

Neptune Company produces toys and other items for use in beach and resort areas. A small, inflatable toy has come onto the market that the company is anxious to produce and sell. The new toy will sell for $2.90 per unit. Enough capacity exists in the company’s plant to produce 30,500 units of the toy each month. Variable expenses to manufacture and sell one unit would be $1.84, and fixed expenses associated with the toy would total $47,995 per month.

The company's Marketing Department predicts that demand for the new toy will exceed the 30,500 units that the company is able to produce. Additional manufacturing space can be rented from another company at a fixed expense of $2,400 per month. Variable expenses in the rented facility would total $2.03 per unit, due to somewhat less efficient operations than in the main plant.

Required:

1. What is the monthly break-even point for the new toy in unit sales and dollar sales.

2. How many units must be sold each month to attain a target profit of $11,136 per month?

3. If the sales manager receives a bonus of 15 cents for each unit sold in excess of the break-even point, how many units must be sold each month to attain a target profit that equals a 24% return on the monthly investment in fixed expenses?

Problem 5-29 (Algo) Changes in Cost Structure; Break-Even Analysis; Operating Leverage; Margin of Safety [LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-7, LO5-8]

Morton Company’s contribution format income statement for last month is given below:

The industry in which Morton Company operates is quite sensitive to cyclical movements in the economy. Thus, profits vary considerably from year to year according to general economic conditions. The company has a large amount of unused capacity and is studying ways of improving profits.

Required:

1. New equipment has come onto the market that would allow Morton Company to automate a portion of its operations. Variable expenses would be reduced by $6.90 per unit. However, fixed expenses would increase to a total of $596,160 each month. Prepare two contribution format income statements, one showing present operations and one showing how operations would appear if the new equipment is purchased.

2. Refer to the income statements in (1). For the present operations and the proposed new operations, compute (a) the degree of operating leverage, (b) the break-even point in dollar sales, and (c) the margin of safety in dollars and the margin of safety percentage.

3. Refer again to the data in (1). As a manager, what factor would be paramount in your mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment? (Assume that enough funds are available to make the purchase.)

4. Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company’s marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company’s new monthly fixed expenses would be $422,832; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing

Problem 5-29 (Algo) Changes in Cost Structure; Break-Even Analysis; Operating Leverage; Margin of Safety [LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-7, LO5-8]

Morton Company’s contribution format income statement for last month is given below:

The industry in which Morton Company operates is quite sensitive to cyclical movements in the economy. Thus, profits vary considerably from year to year according to general economic conditions. The company has a large amount of unused capacity and is studying ways of improving profits.

Required:

1. New equipment has come onto the market that would allow Morton Company to automate a portion of its operations. Variable expenses would be reduced by $6.90 per unit. However, fixed expenses would increase to a total of $596,160 each month. Prepare two contribution format income statements, one showing present operations and one showing how operations would appear if the new equipment is purchased.

2. Refer to the income statements in (1). For the present operations and the proposed new operations, compute (a) the degree of operating leverage, (b) the break-even point in dollar sales, and (c) the margin of safety in dollars and the margin of safety percentage.

3. Refer again to the data in (1). As a manager, what factor would be paramount in your mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment? (Assume that enough funds are available to make the purchase.)

4. Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company’s marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company’s new monthly fixed expenses would be $422,832; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy.

Problem 5-25A Changes in Fixed and Variable Expenses; Break-Even and Target Profit Analysis [LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-6] Neptune Company produces toys and other items for use in beach and resort areas. A small, inflatable toy has come onto the market that the company is anxious to produce and sell. The new toy will sell for $2.50 per unit. Enough capacity exists in the company’s plant to produce 30,700 units of the toy each month. Variable expenses to manufacture and sell one unit would be $1.60, and fixed expenses associated with the toy would total $40,945 per month. The company's Marketing Department predicts that demand for the new toy will exceed the 30,700 units that the company is able to produce. Additional manufacturing space can be rented from another company at a fixed expense of $2,047 per month. Variable expenses in the rented facility would total $1.75 per unit, due to somewhat less efficient operations than in the main plant. 1. Compute the monthly break-even point for the new toy in unit sales and in dollar sales. (Round "per unit" to 2 decimal places, intermediate and final answers to the nearest whole number.) 2. How many units must be sold each month to make a monthly profit of $9,600? (Round "per unit" to 2 decimal places, intermediate and final answer to the nearest whole number.) 3. If the sales manager receives a bonus of 15 cents for each unit sold in excess of the break-even point, how many units must be sold each month to earn a return of 22% on the monthly investment in fixed expenses? (Round "per unit" to 2 decimal places, intermediate and final answer to the nearest whole number.)

Problem 5-29 (Algo) Changes in Cost Structure; Break-Even Analysis; Operating Leverage; Margin of Safety [LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-7, LO5-8]

Morton Company’s contribution format income statement for last month is given below:

The industry in which Morton Company operates is quite sensitive to cyclical movements in the economy. Thus, profits vary considerably from year to year according to general economic conditions. The company has a large amount of unused capacity and is studying ways of improving profits.

Required:

1. New equipment has come onto the market that would allow Morton Company to automate a portion of its operations. Variable expenses would be reduced by $6.60 per unit. However, fixed expenses would increase to a total of $558,360 each month. Prepare two contribution format income statements, one showing present operations and one showing how operations would appear if the new equipment is purchased.

2. Refer to the income statements in (1). For the present operations and the proposed new operations, compute (a) the degree of operating leverage, (b) the break-even point in dollar sales, and (c) the margin of safety in dollars and the margin of safety percentage.

3. Refer again to the data in (1). As a manager, what factor would be paramount in your mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment? (Assume that enough funds are available to make the purchase.)

4. Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company’s marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company’s new monthly fixed expenses would be $396,022; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy.

Advocacy Competency Domains -ARTICLE FOR DISCUSSION

Introduction

As a counselor, you will sometimes be in the role of advocate. An advocate is someone who acts on behalf of someone else, or who empowers someone to become a self-advocate

Advocates can act on behalf of individual clients. They can also advocate for issues within an organization, and sometimes for issues within the public arena.

Advocates often engage with social and political issues. This may be surprising, because most people are drawn to counseling because they want to help individuals. However, it’s important to understand that individuals are affected in powerful ways by social, political, economic, and cultural factors. Members of marginalized groups sometimes are oppressed in both overt and implicit ways. Counselors need to understand societal factors in order to effectively advocate for individuals.

Different kinds of advocacy are appropriate for different situations. Read on to see some different ways that a counselor might choose to advocate for a client.

Advocacy Competency Domains Chart

The Advocacy Competency Domains chart shows ways that a counselor might advocate for a client. There are three broad domains in this advocacy competency chart: client/student, school/community, and public arena.

The diagram is divided into two rows: The top row represents how counselors can work with an individual or group to makes changes. The second row represents how professional counselors act on behalf of clients to deal with the various barriers they are facing. Whether acting with or acting on behalf, the impact may be at the micro or macro level (Erford, 2014).

Let’s see how this chart applies to a specific client.

Applications

This is Jasmine, a 23-year-old graduate student. Jasmine feels pressure to excel in her program, especially because she is the only African American student. Jasmine has always been unhappy with her body. She compares herself unfavorably against her Caucasian mother, a former professional dancer who is petite and blonde.

This past year, Jasmine has lost a good deal of weight, and her body mass index is approaching the official categorization for anorexia. She has heard from various people throughout her life that “black girls don’t get eating disorders.” When she recently met with an elderly male counselor at her college, he was skeptical that an African American woman could be anorexic.

Jasmine is confused—and scared because she’s been feeling faint and is having trouble concentrating on her studies.

This is Stacey, Jasmine’s counselor. Stacey wants to be an advocate for Jasmine. Here are some possible ways she can do this.

Client/Student Empowerment

The Client/Student Empowerment level is about helping clients to contextualize their situations within a societal context and empowering clients to self-advocate. If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she would begin by discussing with Jasmine how gender roles and racial issues have affected her negative self-image. Then she would help Jasmine come up with an action plan to address her eating disorder and her negative self-talk. She would work with Jasmine to find appropriate resources.

Client/Student Advocacy

The Client/Student Advocacy level involves counselors acting on behalf of clients to negotiate issues related to societal factors. If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she would begin by discussing with Jasmine how gender roles, racial issues, and other issues related to social systems have impacted her negative self-image. Additional discussion regarding her social systems would be important as well, including discussions about her family and her academic self-expectations. Then she would help Jasmine come up with an action plan to address her eating disorder and her negative self-talk. She would work with Jasmine to find appropriate resources.

Community Collaboration

The Community Collaboration level involves working with others in a community to make changes that positively impact clients.

If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she might locate groups on Jasmine’s campus that are working to promote change related to eating disorders and form alliances with these groups. She would share her knowledge with these groups, including her understanding of the special needs of women of color with eating disorders.

Systems Advocacy

The Systems Advocacy level is about understanding and smaller systems (like families) and larger systems (like communities) work—and about advocating for change within these communities.

If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she might work with the university counseling department to identify gaps in their ability to help students with eating disorders. She might help them develop a step-by-step plan to improve their treatment. In addition, she might involve Jasmine’s family in her treatment as a way to better understand the situation.

Public Information

The Public Information level involves distributing information and building awareness about issues across disciplines and settings.

If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she might give a presentation on Jasmine’s campus about women of color, body image, and eating disorders. She might also write an editorial for a local paper about these issues or start a blog.

Social/Political Advocacy

The Social/Political advocacy level involves advocating for public policy or possible legislative change.

If Stacey were to choose this level of advocacy, she might join a national women’s organization and get involved with an organizational committee that addresses eating disorders. As a member of this national organization, Stacey might petition the Department of Education to get more actively engaged in the issue of women of color and eating disorders.

As you can see, there are many different ways that a counselor can choose to be an advocate. Keep these methods of advocacy in mind as you develop your own sense of who you want to be as a counselor, and think about the ways that you might see yourself acting as an advocate.

Review the media presentation, "Advocacy Competency Domains," SEE ABOVE

In this discussion, you will present a plan for collaborating with other professionals and advocating on behalf of a client.

For this case, assume that the client has signed a consent for treatment that included permission to consult with other experts on an as-needed basis. Consider and reference your assigned readings when building your plan for how to collaborate and advocate for your client.

Case 1

Parents have contacted you about counseling for their teenager. The family immigrated to the US when their child was two years old. Despite some challenges, they feel their family has made a positive adjustment to a new culture. They contacted you because they are concerned about their teen's poor academic performance, which has plummeted since the beginning of 9th grade. They are also distressed because a beloved grandmother who lived with the family recently passed away; this happened about the same time their teen's grades began to drop. Their teen has also withdrawn from friends and usual social activities and has expressed self-consciousness about being "different." The parents are concerned but are not sure how to proceed. They hope that you can speak to the school counselor because they feel intimidated about going to their teenager's school themselves.