Sex Education and Teenage Pregnancy Santrock (2016) mentions in his text that the United States has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates of industrialized nations, despite the fact that adolescent sexual activity is no higher in the United States. Why is that? For starters, sex during adolescence is considered a "taboo" subject in our culture. Abstinence is also promoted and touted as the most safest, surefire way to avoid the consequences of early sexual activity. Additionally, we teach teens that sexual activity is an "adult activity" and do not acknowledge that during the adolescent period, when there is an upsurge of hormones and changes in the physiological landscape, teens grow curious about their bodies and that of the opposite sex. Teens are also at a stage in their life where experimentation and identify formation are at its "peak", and questioning, expressing, and exploring their sexual identity is part of that process. How many people did you know in high school knew what sex was and even had sex? Probably the majority. That is because sexual curiosity during adolescence is part of healthy, typical human development. What is sex education? Briefly, sex education is about instilling accurate, scientific-based information and spreading awareness about the following: 1. The physiological changes that occur in the body due to pubertal/hormonal changes. 2. The risks and consequences involved in sexual activity such as contracting sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. 3. It involves teaching youngsters how to set boundaries with others when it comes to their own body and other people's bodies (i.e."No means NO!"). 4. Contraception options-how to be "sex smart" such as the benefits of using protection. 5. A discussion about knowing when they are "ready" to have sex. 6. Define rape and sexual assault and how to know if you are about to be a victim. Put it in Perspective... Answer the Following Discussion Questions: 1. What was your experience with 'sex education'? Did you take a class in school? Did you learn from your caregivers? Include points that you remember learning. And how has that served you as a teenager? 2. According to the film "Inside the Teenage Brain" and your textbook readings, what are some effective ways to approach a conversation with teenagers about 'safe sex'? and here is the example of answering the questions. and please answers the question like the way that my classmate answered and go to details and write down 2 paragraph in total like the way that muy classmate did. Thank you! Example: 1. In elementary school during the end of 4th grade is when I first got introduced to 'sex education'. It wasn't necessarily a real class but more of a discussion that lasted a couple days, no more than a week. I remember the boys were in one classroom getting taught about sex education as well with a male teacher and as for the girls, we were in a separate room getting taught about sex education with a female teacher. The same thing happened as we entered the 5th grade. I remember learning about the menstrual cycle for the first time and how to go about it. To be quite honest I don't remember much else from these discussions. What stuck most to my head was the topic of pubertal/hormonal changes. It served me well as a teenager because I was prepared for these changes to happen and knew exactly how to handle it. 2. An effective way to a approach a conversation with a teenager about 'safe sex' is first and foremost start the 'talk' early on. Also to approach the talk openly and in an non-judgemental way so they can feel confident about asking any questions regarding the topic. There must be a sense of trust.

Case Study

You work as a Change Manger for ABC Company. In this project you are required to demonstrate your skills and knowledge through identifying change requirements and opportunities, developing a change management strategy, and implementing a change management strategy. You can demonstrate evidence of your planning by providing the communication strategy and action plan to ensure consultation and participation, stakeholder analysis, risk treatment action plan, a work breakdown analysis, a responsibility assignment matrix and a project schedule. Read the instructions below and answer all the questions.

You receive an email from the Business Operations Manager at ABC Company.

As you may be aware, the current financial standing of the organisation is little less than satisfactory. We have faced various issues over the past 3 months and have been unable to make a recovery. I believe that change is inevitable at ABC, so we are delighted to have you on board and hope that you will lead the way for ABC during this necessary period of change.

You need to consider how you will work and communicate effectively with other departmental managers and the human resources department to develop a corporate culture that accepts your proposed change.

Please start by examining the key points from the business report that follows and report on your proposed changes. Prior to commencement you may want to ask yourself the following:

• What is the change?
• Why is the change being made?
• How is the change going to affect ABC?
• How will you prevent change from challenging ABC’s ability to create value and regain relevance?
• How will you lead, manage and sell change effectively?

In the ABC Company Business Report, the key points are:

• Over the past 3 months, ABC has lost several of its key managers. This has had a serious effect on the corporate culture.
• Executive management have not yet found qualified replacements for these managers. Instead, they have been hiring unqualified trainees to cut further operational costs.
• Competitors have begun to take market share and ABC has not implemented the required changes to products and services to stay relevant in the market. As a result, ABC is finding it very difficult to stay competitive.
• New technologies have been purchased but not yet implemented throughout the organisation because the required training has not been organised. As a result, resources are either lacking or not being used effectively.
• As a result of the financial standing, cost cutting has been inevitable. This has been very emotionally taxing on staff and ABC has had to sublet part of its office space.
• Due to the business downturn, ABC has been left with no other option but to introduce the Lean Manufacturing System. This has significantly impacted the way the company orders raw materials, which has created issues with the shipping and receiving schedule.
• Manufacturing habits require a redesign in the manufacturing division as a consequence.
• Staff morale and productivity are at record lows. Management intervention is vital in maintaining time lines and ABC milestones.
• The ABC vision statement is outdated and does not reflect current situations.

You are required to answer all the questions below.

1. Conduct a change readiness assessment:

1. Explain what methods you would use to gather information relating to the change readiness of the organisation
2. Conduct a force field analysis and provide a summary of the driving and restraining forces for change
3. Provide a list of strategies to increase the driving forces and reduce the retraining forces.

2. Develop the change vision statement and identify the methods you will use to communicate the vision to motivate staff.

3. Formulate the change strategy, identifying the guiding principles and high-level or broad tactics to realise the benefits of the change.

The following are two case study examples from NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), in the original text submitted, including grammatical errors. The reader will see traces to the different components of individual human performance, professionalism, and the components of the CRM Pyramid model. Finally, we will consider the case of a solid CRM positive example in the case of JetBlue Flight 292.a

Ramp Operations: Example of Disregard for Authority

On gate and time for push back, the push crew said that they would take the brakes and hold the push waiting for clrnc from ramp. There was an acft behind us, so the wait was extended. Without prior coordination, the forward cargo door opened, and bags were loaded. I asked the tug driver who had given clrnc for the pit to be opened. He said that we were just sitting there, and he had told the rampers to throw the bags into the pit. I reminded him that the capt was the one who gave permission to open the doors after the brakes have been released. This opening the doors without coordination has become common with the rampers. The tug driver then stated that they could do this if we were waiting for clrnc. I then said, ‘not without talking to the crew.’ He then said, ‘so write it up.’ I then stated that he should read up on the procs. At this point we had been given permission to push and I informed the tug driver. He started the push by pumping the accelerator on the tug and bunching the tow bar against the nose gear several times. At least four times. I then directed him to stop the push, without a response at first. I had concern for the acft nose gear and for the flt attendants standing in the aisle doing their demos. Only after the second command to stop the push did the tug driver stop. Not wanting him to continue the bumping of the acft and realizing that he was mad at me, I directed a return to the gate and then directed for another push crew. We informed ramp of the problem and informed coordination ctl. The coordination ctlr was of no help in the sit and became very unprofessional and abusive to the crew insisting that the push crew was qualified to do the push and thus should be allowed to do it. She stated that we were being very unprofessional for keeping the pax waiting and that we should accept the push crew and go. The coordination ctlr made these statements without knowing what was going on. The ramp lead got on the headset and informed me that I had ‘no right’ to request another crew. I informed him that I had every right to protect the acft and the crew and that I would not accept an individual who takes his irritation out on the acft. He informed me that it would be five to ten minutes before they could get another crew, and I said fine. Soon after, the ramp supervisor arrived and had the jet bridge pulled back, and we discussed the sit. He said that he would look into the prob and requested a rpt be filed. I told him I would file the rpt and forward it to him. We pushed back with the new crew and departed. Ramp personnel opening the cargo doors without clrnc from the flt crew, tug drivers not using the proper terminology, or improper pushes have become a problem. Intentionally taking frustration out on an acft cannot be accepted.

Discussion question for the reader: How can an airline encourage the concept of professionalism known as empowered accountability among employees who are paid minimum wage or close to minimum wage?

Instructions:

Your two responses to other posts should each be approximately 250 words and cause the original writer (and other students) to think deeper about that scenario and the ethical and integrity issues discussed. You should, again, use the list of ethical dimensions below as focus areas for your responses. Responses are not comments on the author's writing ("Good post, it really made me think." or "I wouldn't have done that because it's not right.") The due date for these two responses (and hopefully your replies to other student responses to your posts) is March 1 (the Part 2 due date). This is the due date that will show in eCourseware’s calendar.

Responses to this:

I would report the shady, dangerous work. How I would go about doing it is making sure that I have all the evidence that I need to prove that the other company is doing some shady, dangerous work then report it to the proper authorities. The reason that I would want to report the problem is because of the possible legal trouble that all of the companies involved in the project could face and I wouldn’t want my company to be seen as responsible or a contributor to the problem. Even if you don’t report the problem and you were involved in the project where the issue came from, you could possibly face some or even the same penalties that the company doing wrong will face. Its more trouble than its worth to not report the problem and not prevent anything else bad from happening as soon as you can. To take care of the legal issues that come with being involved could, and possibly can, cost more than 20% of your revenue that you can lose by reporting the problem. Based off of that assumption it’s better to just report the issue as early as you can to minimize the negative affects it can have on the project or your company itself. Why that was my decision is because of the safety for the business, our customers, employees, and anyone else that can be affected by the dangerous work. Peoples safety, whether that be my own employees, our customers, etc., is a top priority.

The decision of reporting the problem is still a good decision in my opinion (regardless of people’s sex, race, skin color, native language, monetary outcome, etc.) because it stops a problem that can do more harm than good. I feel that when one person’s sense of correct ethical behavior overrules another person’s ethical behavior is when people’s safety, well-being, and company reputation is at risk. One person’s views are going to be very different (or even the opposite) of the next persons. In some cases, what may seem “correct” or “ethical” to some is actually harmful and dangerous to those that the issue affects. If you and your company are more worried about making sure that the products sell instead of the safety of said products and safety of your employees what does that say about your ethics and values? This can create a bad reputation for the company and result in loss of revenue among other issues. Above all human safety and doing the right thing should be a top priority for all companies. My personal sense of right and good for others can be an accurate yardstick. But as I mentioned earlier what you may think is right for everyone may not be the case or others may see it as the opposite of what you want it to be. When it can be an accurate yardstick is when the outcome of my views of right and good for others has a major positive impact or at least leads whatever the case may be in the right direction to create some good.

write code in java and comment. thanks. the program is about interface .

1. Implement the basics of Fitness and types of Fitness: Aerobic.
2. Implement specific Fitness types such as Swimming, Cycling,

Fitness Task:
public interface Fitness

(10pts) This will be used as a starting point for deriving any specific Fitness type. Every fitness exercise type has one or more muscle group it affects. Therefor a Fitness has the following abstarct method (Note that all methods in an interface are abstract by default):

• public Muscle [ ] muscleTargeted() A method that returns the muscle that is going to be affected by the fitness. Note that the return type of the method is Muscle. A human body has a finite number of muscle parts that can be affected by fitness exercises. Define an enum datatype called Muscle with the follwoing member values Abs,Back,Biceps,Chest,Arms,Glutes,Shoulders,Triceps,Legs,Cardio
• public double calorieLoss(Intensity intensity, double weight, int duration) - returns the total amount of calorie burnt by the exercise for the duration number of minutes for a person with the given weight. Intensity can be HIGH, MEDIUM, LOW. Note that Intensity is a good candidate to be definied as enum.
• public String description() a method that returns a short decription of the fitness type.

Aerobic Task:

(10pts) Aerobic means "with oxygen." The purpose of aerobic conditioning is to increase the amount of oxygen that is delivered to your muscles, which allows them to work longer. Aerobic is a Fitness. However, we cannot give the actual implementation for the methods muscleTargeted() and calorieLoss() as we don't know the actual aerobic exercise. The descripton() method returns the string Aerobic means "with oxygen.". Note that Aerobic is a good candidate to be abstract class.

public class Swimming, which is an Aerobic

This class represents an actual Aerobic exercise, i.e., it extends Aerobic class, that a user can do to burn calories. The calculation of how much calorie will be burn relies on a key value known as a MET, which stands for metabolic equivalent.One "MET" is "roughly equivalent to the energy cost of sitting quietly," and can be considered 1 kcal/kg/hour. The MET values of some of the exercises that we consider of this project are displayed in the following table. The MET value multiplied by weight in kilograms tells you calories burned per hour (MET*weight in kg=calories/hour). There are different types swimming: Butterflystroke, Freestyle, and Breaststroke. These different types of swimming activities affects different muscles. Butterflystroke: Abs,Back, Shoulders,Biceps,Triceps; Breastsstroke: Glutes, Cardio; Freestyle: Arms,Legs,Cardio.

Define a class Swimming. The class must include the following:

• public Swimming (SwimmingType type) - defines the constructor for the class. You need to define an enum datatype called SwimmingTypewith members ButterflyStroke,Breaststroke,Freestyle
• public Swimming () - a default constructor for the class that initilizes SwimmingType to Freestyle.
• public void setSwimmingType(SwimmingType type) A setter for the swimmingType.
• public SwimmingType getSwimmingType() A getter for the swimmingType.
• @Override public String description() returns the name of the class.

public class Cycling, which is an Aerobic

(10pts) This class represents an actual Aerobic exercise, i.e., it extends Aerobic class, that a user can do to burn calories. Cycling affects muscles: Glutes, Cardio, Legs. Define a class Cycling. The class also has:

• @Override public String description() returns the name of the class.

Communication as a Reminder of Non-Separateness

The first Asiacentric proposition is that communication is a process in which we remind ourselves of the interdependence and interrelatedness of the universe. This proposition can complement the Western dominant thinking that communication is a process in which we demonstrate our independence and express our individuality. The two Asian themes of relationality and circularity have much to do with the ontological belief that the universe is a great whole in which everyone and everything are interrelated across space and time. No one and nothing in the universe exists in isolation (Chen, 2006; Jung, 2009; Miike, 2003a). Asian religions and philosophies illuminate the interpenetrated nature of the self, family, community, society, nation, world, and cosmos.

Confucius (551–479 BCE) remarks in the Analects (6: 30) that “if you wish to establish yourself, you have to help others to establish themselves; if you wish to complete yourself, you have to help others to complete themselves.” Similarly, in the words of Suzuki (2006), Buddhism teaches: “So to save oneself we have to save others. . . . By helping others, I may be able to save myself. My salvation and others’ salvation are so intimately involved, connected together, that we can never save ourselves just by ourselves. We must always be saved together” (p. 19). More interestingly, the Hindu notion of Virat Purusha [Cosmic Person] views each individual as the manifestation of the cosmos itself. The universe is “a single body where each element lives for all and all live for one . . . [T]he weal and woe of one individual affect another” (Saral, 1983, p. 54). It is the teaching of Hinduism that “the world of distinct and separate objects and processes is a manifestation of a more fundamental reality that is undivided and unconditioned” (Jain, 1991, p. 80).

The Asian worldview demands that we constantly communicate with fellow humans, nature, and the world of spirits in order to escape from the illusion that we are independent individuals in a particular place at a particular time (Miike, 2007). For humans are prone to engage in a present-oriented and lifeworld-centered way of thinking. It comes as no surprise, then, that Asian patterns of small group and organizational communication correspond especially to this ideal of communication as a reminder of . . . non-separateness with a view to strengthening group or organizational unity, loyalty, and harmony. The Indonesian musyawarah-mufakat performance and the Japanese nemawashi practice, for instance, allow group members not only to exchange ideas but also to increase the sense of interdependence and interrelatedness (Saito, 1982).

The Asian worldview essentially defines communication as an endless process in which we continuously locate and relocate ourselves in an ever- expanding network of relationships across space and time. This ancient yet radical Eastern idea of communication must be taken seriously now that the global village has never been so divided by wealth, power, technology, and influence in world history, and [now] that we have polluted the air we breathe and poisoned the water we drink to the extent that we risk our own lives (Tu, 1998, 2002). Social disintegration is also becoming a worldwide phenomenon in modern societies. As Asante (2005) observes, “The lack of connectedness creates insensitivity to others, harshness, abrasiveness, and arrogance” (p. 135). Yum (2000) further points out that “[a]lthough individual- ism has its own strength as a value, individualism that is not accompanied by commitments to large entities eventually forces people into a state of isolation, where life itself becomes meaningless” (p. 71). We must learn about communication as a way to realize that our well-being is inextricably and inescapably intertwined with [the well-being] of other members of the human family, nature, and even the supernatural.

What are some ways that a culture’s worldview could influence communication style? How could these create difficulties during an intercultural communication interaction?

A DOI is used because:

Select one:

a. The federal government requires a DOI.

b. It provides a permanent, electronic retrieval method.

c. URLs are no longer used in references.

d. All of the above.

Select all the statements that are correct:

Select one or more:

a. Insert two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence.

b. Use Times New Roman, 12pt font for all written assignments.

c. Do not bold the reference heading.

d. Use first person when describing research you participated in or when expressing your own views.

e. The use of contractions are considered to be informal in scholarly writing and should be avoided.

Select the correctly formatted journal reference below:

Select one:

a. Cho, E., Chihn, D., L., Kim, S., Hong O. (2016). The relationship of Nurse Staffing Level and Work Environment with Patient Adverse Events. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 74-82. Retrieved from https://sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15475069

b. Cho, E., Chihn, D., L., Kim, S., Hong O. (2016). TThe relationship of nurse staffing level and work environment with patient adverse events. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12183

c. Cho, E., Chihn, D., L., Kim, S., & Hong O. (2016). The relationship of Nurse Staffing Level and Work Environment with Patient Adverse Events. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 74-82. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12183

d. Cho, E., Chihn, D., L., Kim, S., & Hong O. (2016). The relationship of nurse staffing level and work environment with patient adverse events. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12183

The components of a paraphrased citation include:

Select one:

a. Author and year

b. Author and page number

c. Year and publication name

d. Web URL and year

Which of the following is considered plagiarism as defined in the materials presented in this course? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Directly quoting from a source with proper citation.

b. Paraphrasing a passage from an article you read in a magazine with proper citation.

c. Submitting an assignment from one class to a different class.

d. Turning in an essay you purchased online with your name on it.

What citation component(s) would be appropriate for the following direct quote from page 69 of Malcolm Gladwell's 2005 book, Blink?

Gladwell (2005) asserts, "we have, as human beings, a storytelling problem. We're a bit too quick to come up with explanations for things we don't really have an explanation for" [component that should be inserted].

Select one:

a. (Gladwell, p. 69)

b. (2005, p.69)

c. (p.69)

d. (Gladwell, 2005)

e. (Gladwell, 2005, p. 69)

When writing a reference for a source with up to and including ____ authors, you write each authors’ last name and first initial:

Select one:

a. 20

b. 16

c. 7

d. 8

Clear my choice

t

he following statement obtained during an interview is cited properly:

When administering Narcan, place the applicator in the patient's nare until your fingers touch the nare (R. Eck, personal communication).

Select one:

True

False

A reference without a recoverable source cannot be included in the reference list (i.e. personal communications, personal emails, and classroom lectures).

Select one:

True

False

Based on the discussion of hardware, Internet, and software technology trends in Chapter 7 "Defining the System Architecture”, it should be clear to you that the Real-Time Glucose Monitoring (RTGM) system is an interesting combination of older and newer technology. Except for the interface to software and data on mobile phones, the server-side portions of the system are a relatively traditional business-oriented application that can be implemented by using old-fashioned technology. What makes the RTGM system “new” are its client-side functions, including the automated collection of glucose levels, the regular transmission of that data to servers, the integration of communication between patients and health-care providers, and the integration of those functions within software installed on a portable device that can be carried in a user’s pocket.

With that in mind, answer the following 6 questions. You may need to do some additional research to fully address them.

Should the client-side software be deployed as a browser-based application or as an installable app? Explain. Be sure to consider such issues as client/server communication requirements and frequency, user-interface quality, and portability across devices and operation systems.

Which (if any) social networking capabilities might make a useful addition to the RTGM system? Be sure to consider the HIPAA requirements described for this case at the end of Chapter 6. More information can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site (www.hhs.gov). In general, covered entities should do the following:

■ Ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) they create, receive, maintain, or transmit.

■ Identify and protect against reasonably anticipated threats to the security or integrity of the information.

■ Protect against reasonably anticipated, impermissible uses or disclosures of the information.

■ Ensure compliance by their workforces.

Specifically, covered entities should implement policies, procedures, and technologies that do the following:

■ Specify the proper use of and access to workstations and electronic media.

■Regard the transfer, removal, disposal, and reuse of electronic media to ensure appropriate protection of ePHI.

■ Allow only authorized persons to access ePHI.

■ Record and examine access and other activity in information systems that contain or use ePHI.

■ Ensure ePHI isn’t improperly altered or destroyed.

■ Guard against unauthorized access to ePHI that is being transmitted over an electronic network.

3.       When recorded glucose levels generate high priority alerts, physicians or other health-care providers initiate direct contact with the patient. An ordinary phone call over the cellular phone network is one way to support direct contact. Because any client-side device used with the RTGM system must be fully Internet-capable, an Internet telephony application, such as Skype, is another possible way of supporting synchronous voice or video communication with the patient.

a.       Should Skype or a similar Internet telephony application be used with the RTGM system? Why or why not?

b.      If such an application is used, should it support video? Why or why not?

Data mining is an increasingly important technique for medical research. The ability to scan medical records of large numbers of patients over extended time periods enables researchers to better evaluate the effectiveness of drugs and therapies, more accurately connect disease risk levels to specific patient characteristics, and identify patterns of transmission or occurrence, progression, and treatment response for rare diseases and conditions.

What types of medical research might be enabled or better supported by the data collected by the RTGM system?

Would your answer change if the database were extended to include additional information that might be gathered from the patient’s mobile phone (e.g., location information when each glucose level was captured, size and content of the patient’s contact list, call history, and the volume of text messages and Internet browsing activity)?

The distribution of wealth and income in the United States has grown increasingly unequal over the last forty years.  This may soon get worse, for engineers and programmers are now developing new forms of automation, including robots and artificial intelligence, which will replace human labor and eliminate some jobs.  You can already find devices on the table in some restaurants that take the place of a server to come get your order; there are still servers, but fewer of them, for part of their job has been automated. Travel agencies have largely disappeared; their work is now handled mostly by websites run primarily by computer. Self-driving cars and trucks threaten to throw huge numbers of taxi drivers and truck drivers out of work. Factories require fewer workers than ever before, and this trend is continuing.  To sum things up, a new report from Oxford University concludes that nearly half of all jobs in America may disappear due to automation in the next 20 years (though the authors suggest that some of those people may find new work elsewhere in the economy—like a former factory worker who gets a job at Walmart.)

In the past, new industries arrived to employ people who lost their jobs due to mechanization.  Factories, for example, employed people who no longer worked on farms or made craft goods by hand.  However, some experts believe we might not be so lucky this time, for the new industries that are coming along use relatively few workers.  (For example, Google has roughly 74,000 workers and dominates the web browser market, while General Motors, which shares the auto market with several other huge companies, has 180,000 workers.)

For purposes of this part of the exam, we’re going to imagine that, 20 years from now, 3 out of 10 working Americans are permanently unemployed due to automation.  That may or may not happen, but for the sake of discussion let’s imagine a world where it does.

Many people have proposed to deal with such a situation by giving people a “universal basic income.”  Here is one common version of this idea: you get $1700 a month if you have no income or assets, and progressively less the more you make, with nothing at all for people making more than $30,000.  (In other words, if you made $20,000 a year, you would get something in addition to that, but less than $1700 a month.)  Imagine that this would be funded from the profits of businesses who have automated and laid off workers (so that part of what they used to pay workers is now paid in taxes to support the basic income for others).    

For purposes of your discussion, assume that we are considering instituting a universal basic income just like the one described above, paying for it in the way described above, and that this will go to the 3 out of 10 Americans who are permanently unemployed due to automation.  

Is this solution to the problems created by automation consistent with justice?  Why/why not?

Discuss this issue using the Utilitarian theory of distributive justice.  Here are some concepts you might use in your answer:

Utility and the Principle of Utility

What a distribution must be like to be just, according to Utilitarianism

Discuss this issue using Nozick’s version of the Libertarian theory of distributive justice.  Here are some concepts you might use in this part of your answer:

Liberty (autonomy, self-determination)

Principle of original acquisition

Principle of justice in transfer

Principle of justice in rectification

What a distribution must be like in order to be just, according to Nozick’s version of Libertarianism

Discuss this issue using Rawls’ version of the Egalitarian theory of distributive justice.  Here are some concepts you might use in this part of your answer:

The liberty principle

The difference principle

The fair equality of opportunity principle

Nordic Industrial Park: bridging distance across international markets

When a resource-constrained firm enters a high-distance market, it helps greatly if it can utilise a low- distance entry point.

The lure of the Chinese market has led several Western companies to venture into a context that is unfamiliar and bewildering, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lacking the deep pockets of large multinationals. It is useful for SMEs to have a ‘bridge’ into a high-distance market. One way to accomplish this is to use a foreign-owned industrial park (i.e. a space designated for industrial use).

Consider the case of the Nordic Industrial Park (NIP) that provides a physical space for offices and light-manufacturing facilities, and a range of value-added services to set up a business in China. These include legal services (e.g. registering the company and drafting contracts), human resource management (e.g. recruitment, payroll and expat relocation), accounting (e.g. financial reporting), and information and communication technology (e.g. internet access). NIP was co-founded by Ove Nodland, a Norwegian who first came to China in 1994 to manage different ventures. Nodland learnt that even though rules were set in Beijing (the national capital and political centre of China), they were implemented by local officials – and so they mattered greatly. Over the years he invested considerable energies in building close relationships with various officials, and took care to ensure that the ventures he worked for complied with local regulations and aligned themselves with local governmental priorities. Nodland’s local guanxi (network connections) grew rapidly.

After a decade’s experience in China, Nodland realised he was well placed to help European SMEs enter China more broadly. He chose to focus on what he knew best: firms from the Nordic region (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) setting up a base in Ningbo, a port city in Zhejiang province just south of Shanghai (the commercial centre of China) and renowned for its entrepreneurialism. Thus was born the concept of NIP in 2002, which was sold to Silver Rise Hong Kong Pte Ltd, part of China’s Yinmao Group, in 2013, with Nodland staying on as consultant. In 2015, NIP was selected by the Zhejiang provincial government as one of the first designated ‘international industrial cooperative parks’ which further strengthened its local standing. Going forward, NIP has signalled its intent to attract projects from Nordic universities and achieve an output value in excess of RMB 2bn (€280m, £224m, $364m) by 2017.

From the perspective of a European SME entering NIP, there are multiple benefits:

• Process: L ower start-up costs. NIP leverages its knowledge of the Chinese business environment by hand-holding clients through the complexities associated with starting and running a business in China, thereby allowing firms to focus their time and energies on core business activities.

• Physical environment: A familiar ambience. NIP’s architecture and design mimics Scandinavian features that set it apart from standard Chinese buildings. Not only does this give expat managers a sense of the familiar, it is also a symbolic reminder to Chinese employees that they are part of a Western organisation.

• People: A like-minded community. By virtue of being part of the largest concentration of Nordic companies in China, expat managers have the opportunity to share experiences with and pick up ‘tricks of the trade’ from other managers with a similar cultural background through hallway conversations and lunchtime meetings. Of course, entering a facility like NIP comes at a cost, but offers benefits in terms of ‘reducing distance’.

Questions

1 Consider NIP’s services in light of the CAGE framework and analyse how they may help reduce distance.

2 What might be the drawbacks in being located in an industrial park?