The electron configurations described in this chapter all refer to gaseous atoms in their ground states. An atom may absorb a quantum of energy and promote one of its electrons to a higher-energy orbital. When this happens, we say that the atom is in an excited state. The electron configurations of some excited atoms are given. Identify these atoms and write their ground-state configurations.

(c) 1s²2s²2p⁶4s¹
(d) [Ar]4s¹3d¹⁰4p⁴
(e) [Ne]3s²3p⁴3d¹

Open the State of the States data set and codebook, and answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the following univariate statistics for the variable, childabuserate (i.e., maximum, minimum, mean, standard deviation (STDEV), and skewness (SKEW). Be sure to determine N (the sample size) for this variable.

2. Diagram, by hand, the shape, mean, minimum & maximum values of child abuse rate. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary.

3.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary. An example 5 number summary paragraph is given at the end of this assignment.

4. Calculate the following univariate statistics for the variable – marriagerate (i.e., maximum, minimum, mean and/or median, standard deviation (STDEV), and skewness (SKEW). Be sure to determine N (the sample size) for this variable.

5. Diagram, by hand, the shape, minimum & maximum, and appropriate measure of central tendency values of marriage rate. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary. You are welcome to construct a box plot if you wish. Note that the 25^th percentile (i.e., 1^st quartile) for this variable is 5.85%; the 75^th percentile (i.e., 3^rd quartile) is 7.65%.

6.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary.

7. Using the Excel output given toward the end of this assignment (Table 1), diagram, by hand, the shape, minimum & maximum, and appropriate measure of central tendency values for the variable, minority population. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary. You are welcome to construct a box plot if you wish.

8.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary.

Read the results section of the article due to be read for Session 4 – Leonard (2004) - and answer the following questions.

9. According to Table 1, how many graduates and how many defectors were there in the study?

10. Table 2 contains the demographic characteristics of study participants. How many males (be sure to include both graduates and defectors) and females participated in the study? Which gender was more likely to graduate from the program?

11. The 3 most common official reasons for defection from the program were what? On average, how long did defectors actually remain in the program?  

12. What differences and similarities existed between graduates and defectors with regard to their educational characteristics?

Table 1. Microsoft Excel output for the variable Minoritypopulation from the State of the States data set for use in Questions 7 and 8.

Example Paragraph for a 5 number summary

This paragraph is for the variable child mortality rate for countries of the world

       The sample was 195 countries in the data set. However, 4 countries did not provide data on their child mortality rates, resulting in a sample size of 191. The skew of the data was 1.0, indicating that the data were positively skewed. The mean child mortality rate was 31/1000 (SD = 28.2). The country with the lowest child mortality rate was Monaco, with a rate of 1.8 deaths/1000 births. The country with the highest child mortality rate was Afghanistan, with a mortality rate of 121.6/1000. The majority of countries of the world have relatively low child mortality rates (i.e., less than 31/1000), although there are a few countries (e.g., Afghanistan) who have much higher mortality rates.

State of the States codebook

The data in the State of States data set primarily consists of data about the states of the U.S. collected between 2010-2013. Exceptions are noted.

51 cases/observation, 39 variables

1. State

2. Geographic region (e.g., south, west, northeast, Midwest, northeast – 5 levels)

3. Geographic regions of US used by Census bureau (e.g., pacific, north east – 9 levels)

4. Geographic size of state (in square miles)

5. State population (collected 2014)

6. Popgrowthrate – population growth rate – yearly increase/decrease in population size from previous year (2013)

7. GDP2012 – State gross domestic product for 2012 – measure of strength of economy

8. Bankrupt – number of bankruptcies in a state in 2013

9. State2 (same as variable 1)

10. Divorcerate – divorce rate – number of divorces per 1,000 people

11. Marriagerate = marriage rate – number of marriages per 1,000 people

12. MtoFratio = male to female ratio – how many males there are for each 100 females (a number that is more than 100 means there are more males than females; a number under 100 means there are more females than males.)

13. MinorityPOP% - percentage of the population that is of minority status (i.e., is non white). A value of 50% means that minorities make up 50% of a states population.

14. MeanANNPay = mean annual pay/salary

15. Unemployrate = unemployment rate = percentage of employable adults in the labor force who are unemployed.

16. Alcohol = amount of alcohol consumed in 1 year per Adult 21 Years and Older IN GALLONS)

17. Deaths = death rate – number of deaths in 1 year per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal point to the left 3 places. For example, a death rate of 933.7 [for Alabama] means that approximately .944 people died out of 100, or .94%

18. Infantdeathrate = infant mortality rate – number of infant deaths for each 1000 live births

19 obeseadults – the percentage of the state adults who are either overweight or obese

20. costnewhousing = cost of a new house – average cost of a new house

21. state 3 – Same variable as state

22. imprisonmentrate – rate of imprisonment – number of state prisoners per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example, for Alabama, 650 would produce a percentage rate of .65% (about 2/3 of a percent)

23. Violentcrimerate = rate of violent crimes – number of violent crimes per 100,000 population in previous year. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example, for Alabama, 449.9 would produce a percentage rate of .4499% or .45% (less than ½ of a percent).

24. childabuserate – rate of child and neglect incidents per 1,000 population. To convert a value to a percentage, move the decimal 1 point to the left. So, for Alaska, a value of 15.6 would produce a value of 1.56 or 1.6%

25. LEPS = law enforcement personal – number of law enforcement personnel in state

26. LEAs = law enforcement agencies – number of law enforcement agencies in a state

27. Deathpenalty = death penalty status – does a state have the death penalty? (1 = yes, 0 = no).

28. Executions – actual number of executions by a state in 2011

29. deathrow – number of inmates on death row in a state

30. meanPcost = mean prisoner cost – estimated mean cost of housing a prisoner for one year (in US dollars).

31. murderrate = murder rate – number of murders in past year per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example,

for Alabama, 7.1 would produce a percentage rate of .0071 (less than 1/100 of a percent).

32. F Robberies – firearms related robberies – number of robberies using firearms per 100,000. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left.

33. F Assaults = firearms related assaults – number of assault using firearms per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left.

34. state 4 (same as variable 1).

35. fedhouseseats – number of seats that a state has in the Federal house of representatives

36. Housecontrol = which party (Republican or Democrat) has control of both houses of a state legislature (R = republicans have both, D = Democrats have both, S = Split; each party controls one part of the state legislature). Non indicates that a state legislature is not party based. As of 2012 elections. Will change in November 2014

37. Abortions – actual number of abortions reported in a state

38. Abort1000B – number of abortions in a state per 1000 birth

39 Abort1000W – number of abortions in a state per 1000 women

DATA SETS:

For citizens domiciled in community property states, which of the following statements is correct?

A. Any income earned during marriage is deemed to be one-half earned by each spouse.

B. Commingled property does not lose identity.

C. Community property is owned 100% by each spouse.

D. Property owned separately cannot be kept separate.

On the Elf’s contract, it states that he must deliver 5 pounds of candy to every house on the average.  However, his supervisor, Santa, feels that the Elf might be snacking along the way and not meeting this quota.  To monitor the Elf’s work, Santa took a random sample of 64 houses and the amount of candy delivered by the Elf was noted.  Assume: standard deviation of the amount of candy delivered to all the houses by the Elf is .6 pounds and the mean is 7 pounds.

a) What is the probability that the average amount of candy delivered to the 64 houses is more than 5.8 pounds?

b) Instead of 64 houses, Santa decided to sample 16 houses in order to save time.  What is the probability that the average amount of candy delivered to the 16 houses is less than 6 pounds?  What assumption/s do you need to answer this problem?  

A magazine article states the average age of women getting married for the first time is 25 years old. A researcher suspects this article may be incorrect. The researcher randomly selects 105 women who were recently married and found their average age was 24.7 years. The standard deviation of the population is 5.3 years. Perform a hypothesis test using ∝ = 0.10.

Step #2: Find the test value

Which test is needed? two, right, or left tailed test

Find the p-value.

do not reject or reject the null hypothesis?

An athletics coach states that the distribution of player run times (in seconds) for a 100-meter dash is normally distributed with a mean equal to 14.00 and a standard deviation equal to 0.2 seconds. What percentage of players on the team run the 100-meter dash in 14.44 seconds or faster? (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

The Market Approach to consumer protection states that if consumers do not place a high value on safety (or are unwilling to pay for it), then it is wrong to force them to pay for higher levels of safety through regulation.

a. True

b. False

6.         The Due Care theory is based on the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that consumers are vulnerable to being harmed by manufacturers, who have a knowledge and an expertise that the consumer is missing.

a. True

b. False

7.         For the Contractual View theory of consumer protection to work, there must exist an actual contract that the customer has signed.

            a. True

            b. False

8.         The Club of Rome got its name from how its predictions are based on the example of the fall of the ancient Roman empire.

            a. True

            b. False

Part II: Paragraph Answers. Answer all questions.  Write a short paragraph, two or three sentences, around 50 - 75 words for each answer. Remember, if possible, always combine each question’s multiple issues into a singular answer. Do not go too far and try to write about everything you can think of for a question—keep it economical and under 100 words each. NOTE: Grading will take into consideration the content, language (grammar, spelling, punctuation etc.) and structure. Answer directly below the question.

2 points each.   

1. Discuss one or two things that the study of business ethics can learn from the idea of “The Tragedy of the Commons”?

2. Discuss one thing you think Oman needs to do better regarding the issue of environmental sustainability.  

3. Which do you feel is the better approach to consumer protection, the Market Approach, or the Due Care approach? Defend your position.

4. Discuss the basic difference between caveat emptor and caveat vendor. Which one do you think businesses should be following? Why?

5. Discuss one of the reasons why people criticize the business of advertising. Agree or disagree with this criticism and defend your opinion.

6. What was wrong with the exponential rate model of resource depletion? Why has it been replaced by the peaked rate model?

7. On the topic of non-renewable resource depletion, are you a techno-optimist or a techno-pessimist? Defend your position and explain why you feel the other side is wrong.

8. Apply the precautionary principle to the case of Ford and the crash tests for the Pinto. What does the principle say Ford should do about the car?

Mid States Company is a regional chain department store. It will remain in business for one more year. The probability of a boom year is 70 percent and the probability of a recession is 30 percent. It is projected that the company will generate a total cash flow of $191 million in a boom year and $82 million in a recession. The company's required debt payment at the end of the year is $116 million. The market value of the company’s outstanding debt is $89 million. The company pays no taxes. a. What payoff do bondholders expect to receive in the event of a recession? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g. 1,234,567.) Payoff $ b. What is the promised return on the company's debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Promised return % c. What is the expected return on the company's debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) Expected return %

There are only two possible states of the economy. State 1 has a 57% chance of occurring. In State 1, Asset A returns 7.75% and Asset B returns 10.75%. In State 2, Asset A returns -4.10% and Asset B returns -7.10%. A portfolio of just these two assets is invested 53% in Asset A (with Asset B comprising the remainder without any negative weights). What is the standard deviation of the portfolio's returns?