Lehighton Chalk Company manufactures sidewalk chalk, which it sells online by the box at $25 per unit. Lehighton uses an actual costing system, which means that the actual costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead are entered into work-in-process inventory. The actual application rate for manufacturing overhead is computed each year; actual manufacturing overhead is divided by actual production (in units) to compute the application rate. Information for Lehighton’s first two years of operation is as follows:

Selected information from Lehighton’s year-end balance sheets for its first two years of operation is as follows:

Required:

Lehighton Chalk Company had no beginning or ending work-in-process inventories for either year.

Prepare operating income statements for both years based on absorption costing.

Prepare operating income statements for both years based on variable costing.

Prepare a numerical reconciliation of the difference in income reported under the two costing methods used in requirements (1) and (2).

Prepare operating income statements for both years based on absorption costing.

Prepare operating income statements for both years based on variable costing.

Prepare a numerical reconciliation of the difference in income reported under the two costing methods used in requirements (1) and (2).

Evelyn Franklin started Franklin Manufacturing Company to make a universal television remote control device that she had invented. The company’s labor force consisted of part-time employees. The following accounting events affected Franklin Manufacturing Company during its first year of operation. (Assume that all transactions are cash transactions unless otherwise stated.)

Transactions for January 2018, First Month of Operation

1) Issued common stock for $11,000.

2) Purchased $420 of direct raw materials and $60 of production supplies.

3) Used $242 of direct raw materials.

4) Used 80 direct labor hours; production workers were paid $9.50 per hour.

5) Expected total overhead costs for the year to be $3,400, and direct labor hours used during the year to be 1,000. Calculate an overhead rate and apply the appropriate amount of overhead costs to Work in Process Inventory.

6) Paid $142 for salaries to administrative and sales staff.

7) Paid $25 for indirect manufacturing labor.

8) Paid $205 for rent and utilities on the manufacturing facilities.

9) Started and completed 100 remote controls during the month; all costs were transferred from the Work in Process Inventory account to the Finished Goods Inventory account.

10) Sold 75 remote controls at a price of $21.6 each.

Transactions for Remainder of 2018

11) Acquired an additional $18,500 by issuing common stock.

12) Purchased $3,920 of direct raw materials and $920 of production supplies.

13) Used $3,010 of direct raw materials.

14) Paid production workers $9.50 per hour for 900 hours of work.

15) Applied the appropriate overhead cost to Work in Process Inventory.

16) Paid $1,552 for salaries of administrative and sales staff.

17) Paid $238 of indirect manufacturing labor cost.

18) Paid $2,410 for rental and utility costs on the manufacturing facilities.

19) Transferred 850 additional remote controls that cost $12.74 each from the Work in Process Inventory account to the Finished Goods Inventory account.

20) Determined that $169 of production supplies was on hand at the end of the accounting period.

21) Sold 840 remote controls for $21.60 each.

22) Determine whether the overhead is over- or underapplied. Close the Manufacturing Overhead account to the Cost of Goods Sold account.

23) Close the revenue and expense accounts.

Required

a) For each of the above transactions, post the effects to the appropriate T-accounts.

b) Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured and sold, an income statement, and a balance sheet for 2018.

Question 1 [40 pts] – Free Rider Problem –Game Theoretic Modeling

Consider two individuals who are deciding to pay for a public good or not. The value of the public good is 10 for each individual and the cost of the public good is 12 TL.

• If they both vote yes and agree to pay, they will share the cost equally and the public good is provided.
• If only one vote yes and agrees to pay, full cost will be borne by this individual and the public good will be provided.
• If they both opt out from paying by voting no, no funds will be collected and the public good will not be provided.

Given the valuation for the public good, cost and the cost sharing mechanism above and our knowledge about public goods this decision process is depicted as a simultaneous form game below.  [Note on notation: the first payoff in each cell corresponds to the payoff of the row player, Individual 1. The second payoff in each cell corresponds to the payoff of the column player, Individual 2.]

Modeling: – Using Game Theory

1. (5 pts) Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable. Check the payoffs (net benefit; benefit after costs) from each outcome and note that while writing the payoffs of the game these two characteristics of pure public goods is used. Refer to these characteristics first and explain how these characteristics are incorporated into the game.

2. (4 pts) Explain why this problem about the provision of a public good can be represented using game theory; say as opposed to the problem of an individual deciding to buy a t-shirt for himself or not.

One-Shot Game: Impossibility of reaching the cooperative outcome.

3. (2 pts) What is Individual 1’s best response to other player choosing to pay for the public good? Briefly explain.
4. (2 pts) Explain what a dominant action is and then indicate if there is a dominant action here for any player.

5. (2 pts) Solve for the Nash equilibrium of the game. Explain your work.

6. (5 pts) Evaluate the Nash equilibrium of the game. Is this equilibrium socially efficient? Explain by referring to the market failure we encounter with the public goods.

7. (5 pts) Can the two individuals just promise each other to vote yes and then sustain the promised cooperative outcome in this game that is played once? Show that each individual has an incentive to cheat and vote no instead when the other is sticking to its promise.

Direct Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 8,200 practice soccer balls and 1,360 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.7 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 2 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Direct materials purchases budget for glue:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 8,200 practice soccer balls and 1,360 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.7 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 2 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Direct materials purchases budget for glue:

I need step by step computations to understand how this works please!

Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 8,800 practice soccer balls and 1,220 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.7 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 2 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Feedback

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Feedback

Direct materials purchases budget for glue:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 9,200 practice soccer balls and 1,240 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.5 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 3 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Direct materials purchases budget for glue:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 8,600 practice soccer balls and 1,320 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.5 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 3 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Direct materials purchases budget for glue:

Direct Materials Purchases Budget

FlashKick Company manufactures and sells soccer balls for teams of children in elementary and high school. FlashKick’s best-selling lines are the practice ball line (durable soccer balls for training and practice) and the match ball line (high-performance soccer balls used in games). In the first four months of next year, FlashKick expects to sell the following:

FlashKick requires ending inventory of product to equal 20 percent of the next month’s unit sales. Beginning inventory in January was 9,600 practice soccer balls and 1,320 match soccer balls.

Every practice ball requires 0.6 square yard of polyvinyl chloride panels, one bladder with valve (to fill with air), and 2 ounces of glue. FlashKick’s policy is that 20 percent of the following month’s production needs for raw materials be in ending inventory. Beginning inventory in January for all raw materials met this requirement.

Required:

Construct a direct materials purchases budget for each type of raw materials for the practice ball line for January and February of the coming year. If required, round your answers to the nearest cent.

Direct materials purchases budget for polyvinyl chloride panels:

Direct materials purchases budget for bladder and valve:

Direct materials purchases budget for glue: