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What is Statistical Significance? Date 01/29/2019 What is statistical significance? If we randomly assign subjects to...


What is Statistical Significance? Date 01/29/2019
What is statistical significance? If we randomly assign subjects to two groups we would expect there to be some difference in the groups just by chance. If a difference is statistically significant then it is large enough that we would not expect it to happen just by chance. When we compare the results of an experiment, if there is a statistically significant difference then we can conclude that there is a cause-effect relationship between the explanatory variable and the response variable. In this activity we will explore what size difference that is due to chance. This will help us determine statistically significant differences.
The Experiment
Have you ever used music at work to jack up productivity or change your mood? Interestingly some rhythms such as​ ​baroque​, induce enzymes in the brain and add amazing well being and focus. Other tunes leave you punchy ... and unable to focus. Classical​ ​music, such as Haydn and Mozart, often improves concentration and memory when played in the background.
I would like to determine if listening to classical music while studying improves exam scores. Twenty students volunteer to participate in my experiment. Outline the experiment. Use the example shown below as a guide.
What is the explanatory variable? ________________________________________________
What is the response variable? ___________________________________________________
Now it is time to randomly assign the students to the two treatments: to study while listening to classical music or to study in a quiet environment. In order to determine the magnitude of differences that happen by chance, we will assume that listening to classical music while studying does not improve exam scores.
1. We must randomly assign the 20 students to a treatment group. Use the random number table (last page) to make this assignment. Generate 20 one-digit random numbers and indicate the line you used.
Line ​134 20 one-digit numbers ​2, 7, 8, 1, 6, 7, 8, 4, 1, 6, 1, 8, 3, 2, 9, 2, 1, 3, 3, 7
If the number is odd (1, 3, 5, 7, 9), assign the student to study with music. If the number is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8), assign the student to study with no music. As soon as you have 10 in one treatment group, put remaining students in other group so that there are 10 students in each treatment group.
Student
Random Number
Group (Circle)
Student
Random Number
Group (Circle)
1
​2
Study with music
Study with no music
11
​1
S​tudy with music Study with no music
2
​7
Study with music
Study with no music
12
​8
Study with music
Study with no music
3
​8
Study with music
Study with no music
13
​3
Study with music
Study with no music
4
​1
Study with music
Study with no music
14
​2
Study with music
Study with no music
5
​6
Study with music
Study with no music
15
​9
Study with music
Study with no music
6
​7
Study with music
Study with no music
16
​2
Study with music
Study with no music
7
​8
Study with music
Study with no music
17
​1
Study with music
Study with no music
8
​4
Study with music
Study with no music
18
​3
Study with music
Study with no music
9
​1
Study with music
Study with no music
19
​3
Study with music
Study with no music
10
​6
Study with music
Study with no music
20
​7
Study with music
Study with no music
2. The students take the exam and the grades they earned are recorded below:
3. Record the average score for the subjects in each of the two groups. Also calculate the
difference between these group averages (‘study with music’ average minus ‘study without music’ average). Be sure to indicate if your difference is negative or positive.
Study with music: ​70.7​ Study without music: ​62.9 Difference: ​7.8
4. Below I have recorded the differences determined by students in previous classes. Add
your difference to the results given below.
Match the comparison with the correct interpretation:
___​A​____ What does a positive difference mean? A. The students who studied without music did better than the students who studied with music.
____​B​___ What does a negative difference mean? B. The students who studied with music did better than the students who studied without music.
5. Examine the differences reported above.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Score
97
61
83
57
79
63
75
67
83
82
77
87
62
81
78
77
52
77
95
73
Study with music – study with no music
- 4.2
2.2
- 2.6
3.4
0.2
3.6
- 3.8
- 4.6
5.2
  
What is the biggest difference that you observe?
What is the smallest difference you observe?
What is the typical difference that you observe? Explain how you determined this value.
6. Suppose I found that there was a difference of 3 points in the average score of the two groups in my experiment. Do you feel this difference is likely to happen just by chance? Explain your reasoning.
7. Suppose I found that there was a difference of 10 points in the average score of the two groups in my experiment. Do you feel this difference is likely to happen just by chance? Explain your reasoning.
8. Which of the differences discussed above (3 points and 10 points) is a significance difference? Explain.

In: Statistics and Probability

QUESTION 1 Advanced Directives: Ensure that the health care provider offers the necessary information about an...

QUESTION 1

Advanced Directives:

Ensure that the health care provider offers the necessary information about an invasive procedure to allow the patient to make an informed decision

Allows a competent patient to leave specific directions for medical care if they should become incompetent

Sets laws of "presumed consent" to donate organs

None of the above

QUESTION 2

How did Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 492 U.S. 490 1989 modify Roe v. Wade

Determined that the fetus has 14th amendment rights

Shifted the basis of abortion laws from federal to state level

Opened the door for a greater market of donated organs

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 3

Presumed consent to donate would allow:

Buying and selling of human organ

harvesting of organs from anyone who died without written directives NOT to donate their organs

Non renewable organs to be donated to be harvested from live donors

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 4

Which of the following criteria is included in the determination of eligibility to be placed on the list to receive donated organ?

Financial status and ability to pay

location

medical need

All of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 5

Eugenics:

was a movement in the early 20th century to create a better society through the propagation of better genes.

lead to the sterilization of many women deemed unfit to have offspring

may have been the foundation for the atrocities committed in Nazi concentration camps.

All of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 6

The statement "the well being of the patient should take precedence over the interests of society" and science is most consistent with:

Beneficence

Double effect

Consequentialism

Deontology

0.5 points   

QUESTION 7

The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act:

Determines the distribution of donated organs

Forbids the sale of organs for interstate commerce

Makes it legal for a person to will his/her body parts for medical research or transplants

All of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 8

UNOS governs the distribution of donated organs

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 9

The Natural Death Act provides the legal documentation for a person to donate their organs for medical research

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 10

Advanced Directives are a type of living will that allows a competent person to leave instructions for treatments they would or would not like to have in the event they cannot make the decision themselves.

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 11

In Roe v. Wade the Supreme Court determined that the fetus does NOT have 14th amendment rights.

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 12

It is NEVER legal for humans to be used as research subjects.

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 13

Socioeconomic status is not a factor used to determine whether or not a person is placed on the organ transplant list.

True

False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 14

The statement, " doctors have a duty to protect human life, and therefore should never perform euthanasia" is an argument most consistent with which ethical theory?

Deontology

Consequentialism

Natural Law

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 15

The statement, " If all the women who became pregnant and were not in a financial position to care for the child were forced to have their children society would be overburdened with the responsibility of providing for these children. " is an argument most consistent with which ethical theory?

Deontology

Virtue Ethics

Natural Law

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 16

Informed Consent is used to:

Protect patient confidentiality

Protect patient autonomy

Used to designate the Power of Attorney

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 17

Though there are some situations in which some type of harm seems inevitable in the course of treating patients, we are morally bound to choose the course which limits unneeded or futile pain for the patient. This is most consistent with which ethical principle?

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Autonomy

Justice

0.5 points   

QUESTION 18

The statement, "the act of lying is wrong in all situations, regardless of the outcome" is most consistent with:

Consequentialism

Deontology

Virtue Ethics

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 19

The statement, "the act of lying is acceptable if the positive outcome of lying in a given situation outweighs the negative outcome" is most consistent with the theory of::

Consequentialism

Deontology

Virtue Ethics

None of the above

0.5 points   

QUESTION 20

CRISPR

is the program which determines organ recipients based on need.

can permanently edit, delete or replace snippets of DNA in the genome.

has been used to clone large animals

is the governing law concerning human experimentation.

In: Psychology

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Why might a healthcare professional use an abbreviation that is on the "Do Not Use" List or the Error-Prone List?

What are the possible consequences?

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What can healthcare professionals do to help prevent medication errors?

This is pharmacology. Study guide

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