Suppose a simple dye molecule can be modeled as having a hydrogen-like energy states with 6 electrons. Initially, the electrons settle to the lowest total energy state. Imagine that we illuminate this molecule with just right energy to excite the electrons from the n = 3 level to the n = 5 level. When such excited electrons decay back to their lower available energy states, photons of the same energy as the incoming photons are emitted. In addition, photons with different wavelengths can be emitted. This is known as fluorescence. (a) Draw the energy-level diagram (for n = 1 to n = 6) and show how electrons are filling the energy levels before light is illuminated. (b) After the illumination, the electron’s arrangement changes in the energy diagram. Draw the energy-level diagram again (for n = 1 to n = 6) and show how the electrons are filling the energy levels after the light illumination. (c) The excited electrons in (b) decays to the lower energy states. Identify two transitions producing photons with longer wavelengths than the incoming photons. Write your answer in this format: Eph (6 →1), if the photon is generated by the electron transitioning from n = 6 to n = 1 (this is not the correct answer). (d) Explain why other transitions (such as from n = 5 to n = 1) are not possible.

The Bartonia Company manufactures grommets in Georgia and sell them directly to industrial customers in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The company’s profit for last year was $20,000,000. The company has its manufacturing plant and headquarters in Georgia, warehouses in South Carolina and Florida, and sales forces in each state. Here are some of its financial statistics:

1. Suppose each state uses a simple three-factor apportionment formula. What share of company profit would each state tax?

2. Make that same calculation, but suppose each state double-weights the sales factor.

3. Make the calculation with each using only the sales factor.

4. Assume now that GA adopts the single sales factor and the other states use double-weighted sales.

5. Assume now that South Carolina adopts the single sales factor and the other states use double-weighted sales.

6. Explain why manufacturing firms in some states have pressed for use of the single sales factor. Why have nationwide business organizations not made this switch an issue?

Please answer all parts.

Wallys Cross Country Adventures is recently preparing for its third year in business. Wally's was formed by Wally Glider in response to his frustration of affordable high quality skis for his Nordic skiing activities. Wally's was founded on the principles of developing durable high performing cross country skis for serious Nordic Skiers in the Rocky Mountain States. Wally has continually modified his production techniques and materials and has become a major niche competitor in the competition cross country ski market. Recently, Wally has decided he needs to develop a better understanding of his costs so that he can better plan and control his operations. Therefor, he has begun to more closely analyze his production and selling and distribution costs. Construction of competition cross country skis is a labor intensive operation and Wally has decided that he would use a regression model using labor hours to help him better understand his fixed and variable manufacturing overhead costs. Information resulting from a regression analysis using mostly data collected over the past 18 months with manufacturing overhead cots as the dependent variable and direct labor hours as the independent variable provided below: Intercept: 15460 Coefficient of the independent variable: 38.40 Standard error of the coefficient of the independent variable: 10.25 Coeffincient of correlation (r): 0.847 Coefficient of determination (r squared): 0.717 Direct costs associated with making the 3,000 pairs of cross country skis that Wally plans to produce during 2019 are as follows: Direct Materials: $330,000 (all variable) Direct Labor: $75,000 (the labor rate is $30/hour and direct labor is all variable) Additional costs and revenue information is as follows: The cross country skis are packages, shipped and sold for $350/pair. Wally has worked out a deal with a major shipping company to ship his skis anywhere in the continental United States for $26/pair. Wally has also estimated that all of his selling and administrative costs other than shipping is fixed and he estimated that is will be $200,000 for the year of 2019. Questions Required: 1.) Determine the t-value for the regression model? What does this imply about the model? 2.) What is the r squared for the regression model? What does this imply about the model? Regardless of your findings in parts 1 and 2 use the regression results along with all other relevant information in answering questions 3-6. 3.) What is the total estimated manufacturing overhead cost for a month when 210 direct labor hours are budgeted for production? 4.) what is the total estimated fixed costs per year for Wally's Cross Country Adventures? 5.) Determine the expected contribution margin for one pair of cross country skis. 6.) Determine the annual breakeven point in pairs of skis for Wally's cross country adventures assuming that all costs and the selling price are as budgeted.

Wallys Cross Country Adventures is recently preparing for its third year in business. Wally's was formed by Wally Glider in response to his frustration of affordable high quality skis for his Nordic skiing activities. Wally's was founded on the principles of developing durable high performing cross country skis for serious Nordic Skiers in the Rocky Mountain States. Wally has continually modified his production techniques and materials and has become a major niche competitor in the competition cross country ski market. Recently, Wally has decided he needs to develop a better understanding of his costs so that he can better plan and control his operations. Therefor, he has begun to more closely analyze his production and selling and distribution costs. Construction of competition cross country skis is a labor intensive operation and Wally has decided that he would use a regression model using labor hours to help him better understand his fixed and variable manufacturing overhead costs. Information resulting from a regression analysis using mostly data collected over the past 18 months with manufacturing overhead cots as the dependent variable and direct labor hours as the independent variable provided below:

Intercept: 15460

Coefficient of the independent variable: 38.40

Standard error of the coefficient of the independent variable: 10.25

Coeffincient of correlation (r): 0.847

Coefficient of determination (r squared): 0.717

Direct costs associated with making the 3,000 pairs of cross country skis that Wally plans to produce during 2019 are as follows:

Direct Materials: $330,000 (all variable)

Direct Labor: $75,000 (the labor rate is $30/hour and direct labor is all variable)

Additional costs and revenue information is as follows:

The cross country skis are packages, shipped and sold for $350/pair. Wally has worked out a deal with a major shipping company to ship his skis anywhere in the continental United States for $26/pair. Wally has also estimated that all of his selling and administrative costs other than shipping is fixed and he estimated that is will be $200,000 for the year of 2019.

Questions Required:

1.) Determine the t-value for the regression model? What does this imply about the model?

2.) What is the r squared for the regression model? What does this imply about the model?

Regardless of your findings in parts 1 and 2 use the regression results along with all other relevant information in answering questions 3-6.

3.) What is the total estimated manufacturing overhead cost for a month when 210 direct labor hours are budgeted for production?

4.) what is the total estimated fixed costs per year for Wally's Cross Country Adventures?

5.) Determine the expected contribution margin for one pair of cross country skis.

6.) Determine the annual breakeven point in pairs of skis for Wally's cross country adventures assuming that all costs and the selling price are as budgeted.

A wide range of products are available for cutting lawns; they vary in terms of power source (manual, electric, gas), operator mode (walking, riding, or automatic/robotic), and additional accessories and features, ranging from baggers for grass clippings, cup holders, and power steering to a cooking grill.

An estimated 6 million gas-powered, walking lawn mowers are sold annually, the vast majority of all mowers sold in the United States. More Craftsman (Sears) gas-powered walking mowers were sold than any other brand. Prices for gas-powered walking lawn mowers range from $200 to $700 depending on horsepower, brand, and features.

Reel mowers, the manual push mowers of old, have been making a comeback. American Lawn Mower Co. of Shelbyville, Indiana, claims to be the only U.S. manufac­turer of reel mowers. Estimates indicate that annual sales are approximately 350,000 manual mowers. Reel mowers are priced from $100 to $400 and eliminate concerns about gas, repairs, and getting it started. However, Con­sumer Reports cautions that most reel mowers can’t cut grass higher than 1½ inches or trim closer than 3 inches around obstacles.

Electric lawn mowers—major brands include Black & Decker and Craftsman—are available in both corded and cordless models. Electric mowers produce no exhaust emis­sions and require little maintenance besides sharpening. Less adept at tackling tall or thick grass, most electric mow­ers cut 18- to 19-inch swaths versus 21 inches for most gas mowers. Prices range from $125 to $250 for corded and $400 or more for cordless. Corded versions tether you to within about 100 feet of a power outlet.

Riding lawn mowers share many of the same draw­backs as gas-powered walk-behind mowers. Riding mow­ers can be less maneuverable and fail to cut close to obstacles. Prices range from $1,600 to $7,200. While the big advantage of riding lawn mowers is the amount of ter­ritory that can be covered, they also have a following in the little-known sport of lawn mower racing. The U.S. Lawn Mower Racing Association, based in Illinois, claims more than 20 chapters in various states and a slate of regional and national races culminating in a national championship.

Based on this information and the readings in the text and course answer the following questions in your initial discussion posting:

• What are people looking for in a lawn mower? Is it about speed in mowing the lawn, safety, control, noise reduc­tion, and/or reducing their carbon foot print? Explain your answer.
• Identify at least three bases for segmenting the lawn mower market.
• How can the reel lawn mower companies grow their business?

WASHINGTON, D.C.– Today the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) took action against three reverse mortgage companies for deceptive advertisements, including claiming that consumers could not lose their homes. The CFPB is ordering American Advisors Group, Reverse Mortgage Solutions, and Aegean Financial to cease deceptive advertising practices, implement systems to ensure they are complying with all laws, and pay penalties.

“These companies tricked consumers into believing they could not lose their homes with a reverse mortgage,” said CFPB Director Richard Cordray. “All mortgage brokers and lenders need to abide by federal advertising disclosure requirements in promoting their products.”

A reverse mortgage is a special type of home loan that allows homeowners who are 62 or older to access the equity they have built up in their homes and defer payment of the loan until they pass away, sell, or move out. The loan proceeds are generally provided to the borrowers as lump-sum payments, monthly payments, or as lines of credit. Homeowners remain responsible for payment of taxes, insurance and home maintenance, among other obligations.

The Mortgage Acts and Practices Advertising Rule prohibits misleading claims in mortgage advertising. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act prohibits institutions from engaging in deceptive acts or practices, including with regard to advertising of consumer financial products or services.

American Advisors Group

American Advisors Group, headquartered in Orange, Calif., is licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia. It is the largest reverse mortgage lender in the United States. The company ran television advertisements almost daily and disseminated its information kit to approximately 1 million consumers. The information kit included a DVD and several brochures with information about reverse mortgage products.

Through its investigation, the CFPB found that since January 2012 American Advisors Group’s advertisements misrepresented that consumers could not lose their home and that they would have the right to stay in their home for the rest of their lives. The company also falsely told potential customers that they would have no monthly payments and that with a reverse mortgage they would be able to pay off all debts. In fact, consumers with a reverse mortgage still have payments and can default and lose their home if they fail to comply with the loan terms. These terms require, among other things, paying property taxes, making homeowner’s insurance payments, and paying for property maintenance. Moreover, a reverse mortgage is a debt and therefore cannot be used to eliminate all of a consumer’s debt.

Under the terms of today’s consent order, the company must make clear and prominent disclosures in its reverse mortgage advertisements and implement a system to ensure it is following all laws. It will also pay a civil penalty of $400,000.

What are two things EACH of the above companies did that was deemed deceptive?

Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of S&S Air, Inc., were impressed by the work Chris had done on financial planning. Using Chris's analysis, and looking at the demand for light aircraft, they have decided that their existing fabrication equipment is sufficient, but it is time to acquire a bigger manufacturing facility. Mark and Todd have identified a suitable structure that is currently for sale, and they believe they can buy and refurbish it for about $40 million. Mark, Todd, and Chris are now ready to meet with Christie Vaughan, the loan officer for First United National Bank. The meeting is to discuss the mortgage options available to the company to finance the new facility. Christie begins the meeting by discussing a 30-year mortgage. The loan would be repaid in equal monthly installments. Because of the previous relationship between S&S Air and the bank, there would be no closing costs for the loan. Christie states that the APR of the loan would be 8 percent. Todd asks if a shorter mortgage loan is available. Christie says that the bank does have a 20-year mortgage available at the same APR. Mark decides to ask Christie about a “smart loan” he discussed with a mortgage broker when he was refinancing his home loan. A smart loan works as follows: Every two weeks a mortgage payment is made that is exactly one-half of the traditional monthly mortgage payment. Christie informs him that the bank does have smart loans. The APR of the smart loan would be the same as the APR of the traditional loan. Mark nods his head. He then states this is the best mortgage option available to the company because it saves interest payments. Christie agrees with Mark, but then suggests that a bullet loan, or balloon payment, would result in the greatest interest savings. At Todd's prompting, she goes on to explain a bullet loan. The monthly payments of a bullet loan would be calculated using a 30-year traditional mortgage. In this case, there would be a 5-year bullet. This means that the company would make the mortgage payments for the traditional 30-year mortgage for the first five years, but immediately after the company makes the 60th payment, the bullet payment would be due. The bullet payment is the remaining principal of the loan. Chris then asks how the bullet payment is calculated. Christie tells him that the remaining principal can be calculated using an amortization table, but it is also the present value of the remaining 25 years of mortgage payments for the 30-year mortgage. Mark and Todd are satisfied with Christie's answers, but they are still unsure of which loan they should choose. They have asked Chris to answer the following questions to help them choose the correct mortgage.

Assume S&S Air takes out a bullet loan under the terms described. What are the payments on the loan?

Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of S&S Air, Inc., were impressed by the work Chris had done on financial planning. Using Chris's analysis, and looking at the demand for light aircraft, they have decided that their existing fabrication equipment is sufficient, but it is time to acquire a bigger manufacturing facility. Mark and Todd have identified a suitable structure that is currently for sale, and they believe they can buy and refurbish it for about $40 million. Mark, Todd, and Chris are now ready to meet with Christie Vaughan, the loan officer for First United National Bank. The meeting is to discuss the mortgage options available to the company to finance the new facility. Christie begins the meeting by discussing a 30-year mortgage. The loan would be repaid in equal monthly installments. Because of the previous relationship between S&S Air and the bank, there would be no closing costs for the loan. Christie states that the APR of the loan would be 8 percent. Todd asks if a shorter mortgage loan is available. Christie says that the bank does have a 20-year mortgage available at the same APR. Mark decides to ask Christie about a “smart loan” he discussed with a mortgage broker when he was refinancing his home loan. A smart loan works as follows: Every two weeks a mortgage payment is made that is exactly one-half of the traditional monthly mortgage payment. Christie informs him that the bank does have smart loans. The APR of the smart loan would be the same as the APR of the traditional loan. Mark nods his head. He then states this is the best mortgage option available to the company because it saves interest payments. Christie agrees with Mark, but then suggests that a bullet loan, or balloon payment, would result in the greatest interest savings. At Todd's prompting, she goes on to explain a bullet loan. The monthly payments of a bullet loan would be calculated using a 30-year traditional mortgage. In this case, there would be a 5-year bullet. This means that the company would make the mortgage payments for the traditional 30-year mortgage for the first five years, but immediately after the company makes the 60th payment, the bullet payment would be due. The bullet payment is the remaining principal of the loan. Chris then asks how the bullet payment is calculated. Christie tells him that the remaining principal can be calculated using an amortization table, but it is also the present value of the remaining 25 years of mortgage payments for the 30-year mortgage. Mark and Todd are satisfied with Christie's answers, but they are still unsure of which loan they should choose. They have asked Chris to answer the following questions to help them choose the correct mortgage.

Prepare an amortization table for the first six months of the traditional 30-year mortgage. How much of the first payment goes toward principal?

Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of S&S Air, Inc., were impressed by the work Chris had done on financial planning. Using Chris's analysis, and looking at the demand for light aircraft, they have decided that their existing fabrication equipment is sufficient, but it is time to acquire a bigger manufacturing facility. Mark and Todd have identified a suitable structure that is currently for sale, and they believe they can buy and refurbish it for about $40 million. Mark, Todd, and Chris are now ready to meet with Christie Vaughan, the loan officer for First United National Bank. The meeting is to discuss the mortgage options available to the company to finance the new facility. Christie begins the meeting by discussing a 30-year mortgage. The loan would be repaid in equal monthly installments. Because of the previous relationship between S&S Air and the bank, there would be no closing costs for the loan. Christie states that the APR of the loan would be 8 percent. Todd asks if a shorter mortgage loan is available. Christie says that the bank does have a 20-year mortgage available at the same APR. Mark decides to ask Christie about a “smart loan” he discussed with a mortgage broker when he was refinancing his home loan. A smart loan works as follows: Every two weeks a mortgage payment is made that is exactly one-half of the traditional monthly mortgage payment. Christie informs him that the bank does have smart loans. The APR of the smart loan would be the same as the APR of the traditional loan. Mark nods his head. He then states this is the best mortgage option available to the company because it saves interest payments. Christie agrees with Mark, but then suggests that a bullet loan, or balloon payment, would result in the greatest interest savings. At Todd's prompting, she goes on to explain a bullet loan. The monthly payments of a bullet loan would be calculated using a 30-year traditional mortgage. In this case, there would be a 5-year bullet. This means that the company would make the mortgage payments for the traditional 30-year mortgage for the first five years, but immediately after the company makes the 60th payment, the bullet payment would be due. The bullet payment is the remaining principal of the loan. Chris then asks how the bullet payment is calculated. Christie tells him that the remaining principal can be calculated using an amortization table, but it is also the present value of the remaining 25 years of mortgage payments for the 30-year mortgage.

Mark and Todd are satisfied with Christie's answers, but they are still unsure of which loan they should choose. They have asked Chris to answer the following questions to help them choose the correct mortgage.

What are the monthly payments for a 30-year traditional mortgage? What are the payments for a 20-year traditional mortgage?

Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of S&S Air, Inc., were impressed by the work Chris had done on financial planning. Using Chris's analysis, and looking at the demand for light aircraft, they have decided that their existing fabrication equipment is sufficient, but it is time to acquire a bigger manufacturing facility. Mark and Todd have identified a suitable structure that is currently for sale, and they believe they can buy and refurbish it for about $40 million. Mark, Todd, and Chris are now ready to meet with Christie Vaughan, the loan officer for First United National Bank. The meeting is to discuss the mortgage options available to the company to finance the new facility. Christie begins the meeting by discussing a 30-year mortgage. The loan would be repaid in equal monthly installments. Because of the previous relationship between S&S Air and the bank, there would be no closing costs for the loan. Christie states that the APR of the loan would be 8 percent. Todd asks if a shorter mortgage loan is available. Christie says that the bank does have a 20-year mortgage available at the same APR. Mark decides to ask Christie about a “smart loan” he discussed with a mortgage broker when he was refinancing his home loan. A smart loan works as follows: Every two weeks a mortgage payment is made that is exactly one-half of the traditional monthly mortgage payment. Christie informs him that the bank does have smart loans. The APR of the smart loan would be the same as the APR of the traditional loan. Mark nods his head. He then states this is the best mortgage option available to the company because it saves interest payments. Christie agrees with Mark, but then suggests that a bullet loan, or balloon payment, would result in the greatest interest savings. At Todd's prompting, she goes on to explain a bullet loan. The monthly payments of a bullet loan would be calculated using a 30-year traditional mortgage. In this case, there would be a 5-year bullet. This means that the company would make the mortgage payments for the traditional 30-year mortgage for the first five years, but immediately after the company makes the 60th payment, the bullet payment would be due. The bullet payment is the remaining principal of the loan. Chris then asks how the bullet payment is calculated. Christie tells him that the remaining principal can be calculated using an amortization table, but it is also the present value of the remaining 25 years of mortgage payments for the 30-year mortgage. Mark and Todd are satisfied with Christie's answers, but they are still unsure of which loan they should choose. They have asked Chris to answer the following questions to help them choose the correct mortgage.

How long would it take for S&S Air to pay off the smart loan assuming 30-year traditional mortgage payments? (Note: there are 52 weeks/year)