Health History (5 pts total)
Biographical data: (1 pts)
No name or initial required
Age: ________ Marital status: ____M _____ S _____Sep. ____Cohab.
Birth date: _____________________ Number of dependents: ___________________
Educational level: ________________________ Gender: _____F _____ M _____Other
Occupation (current or, if retired, past): ______________________________________
Ethnicity/nationality: _____________________
Source of history (who gave you the information and how reliable is that person): _______________________________________________________________________
Present health history: (4 pts)
Current medical conditions/chronic illnesses:
Current medications:
Medication/food/environmental allergies:
Past health history: (10 pts total)
Childhood illnesses: Ask about history of mumps, chickenpox, rubella, ear infections, throat infections, pertussis, and asthma.
Hospitalizations/Surgeries: Include reason for hospitalization, year, and surgical procedures.
Accidents/injuries: Include head injuries with loss of consciousness, fractures, motor vehicle accidents, burns, and severe lacerations.
Major diseases or illnesses: Include heart problems, cancer, seizures, and any significant adult illnesses.
Immunizations (dates if known):
Tetanus _______ Diphtheria ________ Pertussis ________ Mumps ________
Rubella _______ Polio _____________ Hepatitis B ______ Influenza _______
Varicella ______ Other ____________________________________________
Recent travel/military services: Include travel within past year and recent and past military service.
Date of last examinations:
Physical examination _________ Vision ___________ Dental ___________
Family History (Genogram) (10 points)
Mother/Father/Siblings/Grandparents: include age (date of birth, if known), any major health issues, and, if indicated, cause and age at death Present as a genogram.
Review of Systems (12 points total) Be sure to ask about symptoms specifically.
General health status (1 pt): Ask about fatigue, pain, unexplained fever, night sweats, weakness, problems sleeping, and unexplained changes in weight.
Integumentary (1 pt):
Skin: Ask about change in skin color/texture, excessive bruising, itching, skin lesions, sores that do not heal, change in mole. Do you use sun screen? How much sun exposure do you experience?
Hair: Ask about changes in hair texture and recent hair loss.
Nails: Ask about changes in nail color and texture, splitting, and cracking.
HEENT (2 pts):
Head: Ask about headaches, recent head trauma, injury or surgery, history of concussion, dizziness, and loss of consciousness.
Neck: Ask about neck stiffness, neck pain, lymph node enlargement, and swelling or mass in the neck.
Eyes: Ask about change in vision, eye injury, itching, excessive tearing, discharge, pain, floaters, halos around lights, flashing lights, light sensitivity, and difficulty reading. Do you use corrective lenses (glasses or contact lenses)?
Ears: Ask about last hearing test, changes in hearing, ear pain, drainage, vertigo, recurrent ear infections, ringing in ears, excessive wax problems, use of hearing aids.
Nose, Nasopharynx, Sinuses: Ask about nasal discharge, frequent nosebleeds, nasal obstruction, snoring, postnasal drip, sneezing, allergies, use of recreational drugs, change in smell, sinus pain, sinus infections.
Mouth/Oropharynx: Ask about sore throats, mouth sores, bleeding gums, hoarseness, change voice quality, difficulty chewing or swallowing, change in taste, dentures and bridges.
Respiratory (1 pt):
Ask about frequent colds, pain with breathing, cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, wheezing, night sweats, last chest x-ray, PPD and results, and history of smoking.
Cardiovascular (1 pt.):
Ask about chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, edema, coldness of extremities, color changes in hands and feet, hair loss on legs, leg pain with activity, paresthesia, sores that do not heal, and EKG and results.
Breasts (1 pt.): (Remember men have breasts too)
Ask about breast masses or lumps, pain, nipple discharge, swelling, changes in appearance, cystic breast disease, breast cancer, breast surgery, and
reduction/enlargement. Do you perform BSE (when and how)? Date of last clinical breast examination, and mammograms and results.
Gastrointestinal (1 pt.):
Ask about changes in appetite, heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pain, nausea/vomiting, vomiting blood, jaundice, change in bowel habits, diarrhea, constipation, flatus, last fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy and results.
Genitourinary (1 pt.):
Ask about pain on urination, burning, frequency, urgency, incontinence, hesitancy, changes in urine stream, flank pain, excessive urinary volume, decreased urinary volume, nocturia, and blood in urine.
Female/male reproductive (1 pt.):
Both: Ask about lesions, discharge, pain or masses, change in sex drive, infertility problems, history of STDs, knowledge of STD prevention, safe sex practices, and painful intercourse. Are you current involved in a sexual relationship? If yes, heterosexual, homosexual,, bisexual? Number of sexual partners in the last 3 months. Do you use birth control? If yes, method(s) used.
Female: Ask about menarche, description of cycle, LMP, painful menses, excessive bleeding, irregular menses, bleeding between periods, last Pap test and results, painful intercourse, pregnancies, live births, miscarriages, and abortions.
Male: Ask about prostate or scrotal problems, impotence or sterility, satisfaction with sexual performance, frequency and technique for TSE, and last prostate examination and results.
Musculoskeletal (1 pt.):
Ask about fractures, muscle pain, weakness, joint swelling, joint pain, stiffness, limitations in mobility, back pain, loss of height, and bone density scan and results.
Neurological (1 pt.): Ask about pain, fainting, seizures, changes in cognition, changes in memory, sensory deficits such as numbness, tingling and loss of sensation, problems with gait, balance, and coordination, tremor, and spasm.
Psychosocial Profile (10 pts)
Health practices and beliefs/self-care activities: Ask about type and frequency of exercise, type and frequency of self examination, oral hygiene practice (frequency of brushing/flossing), screening examinations (blood pressure, prostate, breast, glucose, etc.)
Nutritional patterns: Ask about daily intake (24 hour recall) and appetite.
Functional Ability: Ask if able to perform activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing, eating, toileting and instrumental activities of daily living like shopping, driving, cooking.
Sleep/rest patterns: Ask about number of hours of sleep per night, whether sleep is restful, naps, and use of sleep aids.
Personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and drugs): Ask about type, amount, and years used.
Environmental history: Identify environment as urban/rural, type of home (apartment, own home, condo)
Family/social relationships: Ask about significant others, individuals in home
Cultural/religious influences: Identify any cultural and religious influences on health.
Mental Health: Ask about anxiety, depression, irritability, stressful events, and personal coping strategies.
Now answer the question below: (3 pts)
Using the instructions below, identify 1 physical strength, 1 psychosocial/cognitive strength, and 1 weakness in either category. State why you think this to be true.
With the information you collected, you can begin developing an idea of a client’s weakness and strengths. What is a strength? This might be that a person’s nutritional status appears to be excellent. It may be that there is no impairment of mobility. They may have lots of friends with them so be socially active. What is a weakness? This might be that a person does have impaired mobility or perhaps imbalanced nutrition – more than or less than body requirements. It might be that they have a communication issue that you note or perhaps seem to have a depressed mood, seem alone/isolated.
In: Nursing
You've been hired by Water Wonders to write a C++ console application that analyzes lake level data. MichiganHuronLakeLevels.txt. Place the input file in a folder where your development tool can locate it (on Visual Studio, in folder \). The input file may be placed in any folder but a path must be specified to locate it.
MichiganHuronLakeLevels.txt Down below:
Lake Michigan and Lake Huron - Average lake levels - 1860-2015
Year Average level (meters)
1860 177.3351667
1861 177.3318333
1862 177.316
1863 177.1796667
1864 176.9955833
1865 176.90525
1866 176.80575
1867 176.9365833
1868 176.7891667
1869 176.8250833
1870 177.1
1871 177.0769167
1872 176.7318333
1873 176.9188333
1874 177.0413333
1875 176.9683333
1876 177.2855833
1877 177.1971667
1878 177.1183333
1879 176.85325
1880 176.90425
1881 177.0205
1882 177.1250833
1883 177.2096667
1884 177.2734167
1885 177.3208333
1886 177.3893333
1887 177.1890833
1888 176.9931667
1889 176.8393333
1890 176.788
1891 176.6149167
1892 176.564
1893 176.6204167
1894 176.6811667
1895 176.4201667
1896 176.3256667
1897 176.5094167
1898 176.5564167
1898 176.5595
1900 176.5626667
1901 176.64175
1902 176.5305833
1903 176.5748333
1904 176.7460909
1905 176.7561667
1906 176.7635
1907 176.7844167
1908 176.7670909
1909 176.5988333
1910 176.5025
1911 176.3356667
1912 176.4768333
1913 176.67025
1914 176.5297273
1915 176.3535833
1916 176.5715833
1917 176.7980833
1918 176.8866667
1919 176.745
1920 176.625
1921 176.4883333
1922 176.445
1923 176.2641667
1924 176.1866667
1925 175.9191667
1926 175.885
1927 176.1483333
1928 176.4433333
1929 176.8958333
1930 176.6508333
1931 176.1183333
1932 175.9408333
1933 175.8675
1934 175.7666667
1935 175.8908333
1936 175.9391667
1937 175.9225
1938 176.1408333
1939 176.2691667
1940 176.1416667
1941 176.1216667
1942 176.3341667
1943 176.6266667
1944 176.5966667
1945 176.57
1946 176.6016667
1947 176.5666667
1948 176.5308333
1949 176.2108333
1950 176.2608333
1951 176.7358333
1952 177.085
1953 176.9333333
1954 176.8291667
1955 176.7225
1956 176.44
1957 176.2633333
1958 176.0675
1959 176.0058333
1960 176.4775
1961 176.3766667
1962 176.2225
1963 175.9225
1964 175.6825
1965 175.9158333
1966 176.1608333
1967 176.3008333
1968 176.4466667
1969 176.6958333
1970 176.6783333
1971 176.805
1972 176.8883333
1973 177.1233333
1974 177.0933333
1975 176.9733333
1976 176.8991667
1977 176.505
1978 176.5908333
1979 176.7941667
1980 176.8033333
1981 176.6983333
1982 176.5983333
1983 176.8333333
1984 176.895
1985 177.1266667
1986 177.2925
1987 176.97
1988 176.5641667
1989 176.4008333
1990 176.35
1991 176.4691667
1992 176.4791667
1993 176.6958333
1994 176.6783333
1995 176.5275
1996 176.6541667
1997 176.9841667
1998 176.7166667
1999 176.2358333
2000 175.9783333
2001 175.9508333
2002 176.1183333
2003 175.8916667
2004 176.1108333
2005 176.09
2006 176.0158333
2007 175.9433333
2008 176.005
2009 176.2583333
2010 176.1108333
2011 176.0366
2012 175.9158
2013 175.9
2014 176.3016667
2015 176.59
Within the app, attempt to open the input file and output file MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt. If the input file didn't open, print an error message. If the output file didn't open, print an error message. Read the input file by scanning past the two header rows. Each detail row in the input file contains two fields (year, lake level). Read one token at a time from the input file. See sample Canvas app Text file input – one token per read. Determine the maximum, minimum, and average lake levels. One technique to accomplish this is to use a max variable that starts very small and a min variable that starts very large. After all lines of the input file have been read, use formatted output manipulators (setw, left/right) to print the following rows:
● Column headers.
● Max values.
● Min values.
● Average value.
And columns:
● A left-justified label.
● A right-justified year.
● A right-justified level.
Then write the same information to output file MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt. Insure that your code is commented! Provide a complete header comment and body comments. Define constants for the input and output file names and column widths. Format any real numbers to four decimal places. The output should look like this:
Welcome to Wonder Waters
------------------------
Reading lines from file 'MichiganHuronLakeLevels.txt' ...
Writing lines to file 'MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt' ...
Year Level (meters)
Max level: … …
Min level: … …
Average level: …
158 line(s) read from file 'MichiganHuronLakeLevels.txt'.
4 line(s) written to file 'MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt'.
End of Wonder Waters
In: Computer Science
You've been hired by Water Wonders to write a C++ console application that analyzes lake level data. Place the input file in a folder where your development tool can locate it (on Visual Studio, in folder <project-name>\<project-name>). The input file may be placed in any folder but a path must be specified to locate it. The input file has 158 lines and looks like this:
Lake Michigan and Lake Huron - Average lake levels - 1860-2015
Year Average level (meters)
1860 177.3351667
1861 177.3318333
…
2014 176.3016667
2015 176.59
Within the app, attempt to open the input file and output file MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt. If the input file didn't open, print an error message. If the output file didn't open, print an error message. Read the input file by scanning past the two header rows. Each detail row in the input file contains two fields (year, lake level). Read one token at a time from the input file. See sample Canvas app Text file input – one token per read. Determine the maximum, minimum, and average lake levels. One technique to accomplish this is to use a max variable that starts very small and a min variable that starts very large. After all lines of the input file have been read, use formatted output manipulators (setw, left/right) to print the following rows:
● Column headers.
● Max values.
● Min values.
● Average value.
And columns:
● A left-justified label.
● A right-justified year.
● A right-justified level.
Then write the same information to output file MichiganHuronLakeLevelsHighAndLow.txt. Insure that your code is commented! Provide a complete header comment and body comments. Define constants for the input and output file names and column widths. Format any real numbers to four decimal places.
Lake Michigan and Lake Huron - Average lake levels -
1860-2015
Year Average level (meters)
1860 177.3351667
1861 177.3318333
1862 177.316
1863 177.1796667
1864 176.9955833
1865 176.90525
1866 176.80575
1867 176.9365833
1868 176.7891667
1869 176.8250833
1870 177.1
1871 177.0769167
1872 176.7318333
1873 176.9188333
1874 177.0413333
1875 176.9683333
1876 177.2855833
1877 177.1971667
1878 177.1183333
1879 176.85325
1880 176.90425
1881 177.0205
1882 177.1250833
1883 177.2096667
1884 177.2734167
1885 177.3208333
1886 177.3893333
1887 177.1890833
1888 176.9931667
1889 176.8393333
1890 176.788
1891 176.6149167
1892 176.564
1893 176.6204167
1894 176.6811667
1895 176.4201667
1896 176.3256667
1897 176.5094167
1898 176.5564167
1898 176.5595
1900 176.5626667
1901 176.64175
1902 176.5305833
1903 176.5748333
1904 176.7460909
1905 176.7561667
1906 176.7635
1907 176.7844167
1908 176.7670909
1909 176.5988333
1910 176.5025
1911 176.3356667
1912 176.4768333
1913 176.67025
1914 176.5297273
1915 176.3535833
1916 176.5715833
1917 176.7980833
1918 176.8866667
1919 176.745
1920 176.625
1921 176.4883333
1922 176.445
1923 176.2641667
1924 176.1866667
1925 175.9191667
1926 175.885
1927 176.1483333
1928 176.4433333
1929 176.8958333
1930 176.6508333
1931 176.1183333
1932 175.9408333
1933 175.8675
1934 175.7666667
1935 175.8908333
1936 175.9391667
1937 175.9225
1938 176.1408333
1939 176.2691667
1940 176.1416667
1941 176.1216667
1942 176.3341667
1943 176.6266667
1944 176.5966667
1945 176.57
1946 176.6016667
1947 176.5666667
1948 176.5308333
1949 176.2108333
1950 176.2608333
1951 176.7358333
1952 177.085
1953 176.9333333
1954 176.8291667
1955 176.7225
1956 176.44
1957 176.2633333
1958 176.0675
1959 176.0058333
1960 176.4775
1961 176.3766667
1962 176.2225
1963 175.9225
1964 175.6825
1965 175.9158333
1966 176.1608333
1967 176.3008333
1968 176.4466667
1969 176.6958333
1970 176.6783333
1971 176.805
1972 176.8883333
1973 177.1233333
1974 177.0933333
1975 176.9733333
1976 176.8991667
1977 176.505
1978 176.5908333
1979 176.7941667
1980 176.8033333
1981 176.6983333
1982 176.5983333
1983 176.8333333
1984 176.895
1985 177.1266667
1986 177.2925
1987 176.97
1988 176.5641667
1989 176.4008333
1990 176.35
1991 176.4691667
1992 176.4791667
1993 176.6958333
1994 176.6783333
1995 176.5275
1996 176.6541667
1997 176.9841667
1998 176.7166667
1999 176.2358333
2000 175.9783333
2001 175.9508333
2002 176.1183333
2003 175.8916667
2004 176.1108333
2005 176.09
2006 176.0158333
2007 175.9433333
2008 176.005
2009 176.2583333
2010 176.1108333
2011 176.0366
2012 175.9158
2013 175.9
2014 176.3016667
2015 176.59
In: Computer Science
Problem 4: House Prices
Use the “Fairfax City Home Sales” dataset for parts of this problem.
a) Use StatCrunch to construct an appropriately titled and labeled relative frequency histogram of Fairfax home closing prices stored in the “Price” variable. Copy your histogram into your document.
b) What is the shape of this distribution? Answer this question in one complete sentence.
c) Assuming the population has a similar shape as the sample with population mean $510,000 and population standard deviation $145,000; calculate the probability that in a random sample of size 10, the mean of the sample will be greater than $600,000. You may assume a random sample was taken and the sample came from a big population. However, be sure to check the central limit theorem condition of a large sample size before completing this problem using one complete sentence. If this condition is not met, you cannot complete the problem.
d) Assuming the population has a similar shape as the sample with population mean $510,000 and population standard deviation $145,000; calculate the probability that in a random sample of size 36, the mean of the sample will be greater than $600,000. You may assume a random sample was taken and the sample came from a big population. However, be sure to check the central limit theorem condition of a large sample size before completing this problem using one complete sentence. If this condition is not met, you cannot complete the problem.
Data:
Price Year, Days, TLArea, Acres
369900 1922 44 1870 0.39
373000 1952 0 1242 0.27
375000 1952 8 932 0.15
375000 1950 2 768 0.19
379000 1952 31 816 0.21
380000 1941 53 1092 0.19
385000 1951 5 984 0.27
387700 1953 5 975 0.36
395000 1954 18 957 0.29
395000 1951 12 1105 0.22
399900 1954 29 1206 0.28
399900 1951 6 1226 0.18
400000 1954 31 957 0.27
410000 1949 6 1440 0.2
410000 1954 17 1344 0.23
412500 1954 4 1008 0.25
415000 1953 17 1371 0.28
420000 1954 2 957 0.25
426000 1952 3 1694 0.25
430000 1953 19 975 0.23
434900 1950 5 1128 0.18
435000 1954 32 1252 0.24
440000 1960 3 1161 0.26
440000 1954 2 1036 0.28
440000 1955 12 1645 0.28
440000 1960 5 1746 0.31
441000 1952 133 1062 0.23
442000 1961 4 1414 0.32
443000 1951 26 962 0.2
444900 1955 4 1122 0.19
446500 1953 3 962 0.26
450000 1952 2 1488 0.15
450000 1955 49 1122 0.23
450000 1979 0 1092 0.28
450000 1951 70 962 0.2
450000 1957 23 1300 0.51
451000 1947 12 1325 0.34
455000 1952 7 2267 0.81
455000 1962 4 1050 0.31
460000 1955 5 997 0.3
460000 1954 10 1125 0.17
465000 1954 77 1288 0.46
465900 1947 21 1309 0.19
469000 1963 153 1149 0.27
474000 1959 5 1319 0.32
475000 1955 4 1530 0.28
475000 1953 29 1008 0.2
475000 1955 6 1530 0.28
475000 1956 116 1345 0.5
475000 1956 1 1530 0.28
480000 1960 27 1236 0.27
480000 1959 133 1527 0.24
485000 1955 4 1008 0.24
485000 1956 74 977 0.24
488000 1960 11 1972 0.33
500000 1963 0 2145 0.25
500000 1953 14 1758 0.54
500500 1955 6 1630 0.28
510000 1959 5 1680 0.34
512000 1963 0 1968 0.22
519000 1961 1 1312 0.29
520000 1954 15 1492 0.25
520000 1958 80 1443 0.33
520000 1963 122 1822 0.32
530000 1962 6 1393 0.29
540000 1962 12 1414 0.25
543600 1962 4 1414 0.24
560000 1967 5 1530 0.28
560000 1961 16 1438 0.53
565000 1947 6 1510 0.25
565500 1967 5 1217 0.26
589000 1954 32 2368 0.3
593000 1954 9 2044 0.25
610000 1978 140 2091 0.09
655000 1976 180 2728 0.24
660000 1947 10 2635 0.22
665000 1950 37 2645 0.57
685000 1982 120 2752 0.09
795000 2002 259 3402 0.12
852000 2000 4 3215 0.11
895000 2000 63 3230 0.11
930000 2015 135 3175 0.15
940000 1860 42 3038 0.57
968500 1850 74 3630 0.34
1100000 2004 161 3640 0.19
In: Math
Question 29 options: A researcher is studying the effectiveness of a new “brain training” game for Android phones, which the game’s developer says can improve memory. The game involves watching a series of cartoon animals run across the screen and tapping whenever the same animal appears twice. The researcher designs an experiment in which 20 participants (the memory group) play the game for 1 hour a day for a week. Another 20 participants (the non-memory group) plays a game with similar graphics but no memory demand for 1 hour a day for a week. At the end of the week, both groups complete a standardized memory test on their phone. Participants in the memory group had a mean standardized memory test score of 59.5338 with a standard deviation of 4.1700 and a SS of 330.3959. At the end of the week one of the participants in the non-memory group reports that he lost his phone at a bar over the St. Patrick’s day weekend and all his data are lost. For the remaining participants in the non-memory group, the mean score on the standardized memory task was 57.0333 with a standard deviation of 5.5714 and a SS of 558.7226. Conduct a hypothesis test at the alpha = 0.05 level? Fill in each of the blanks below. What type of test should you use (z-test; one sample t-test; independent samples t-test; or power analysis): Step 1: State the null hypothesis (just the null, no need to state the alternative; for μ1 simply type "mu1"): Step 2: what value defines the boundary of the positive critical region (enter a positive number with 5 decimal places using only the keys "0-9" and "."): Step 3: Calculate and then enter the observed value of the appropriate statistic (enter a number with 5 decimal places using only the keys "0-9" and "."): Step 4: Do you reject the null hypothesis (type yes or no): Finally, write one sentence to interpret the result of the hypothesis test in terms of the original research question (i.e., what does your result mean):
In: Statistics and Probability
In: Computer Science
Caterham PLC distributes sports equipment for sale to a number of ‘High Street’ chains, importing branded goods from China and India. The company has several distribution and delivery hubs throughout the UK, and floated on the LSE in 2001. As the business has grown, Directors have become concerned that systems of internal financial control and internal audit have not kept pace with their growing product range and increasingly complex management structure, which includes the increasing use of delegated budgets and greater reliance upon distribution centre based target setting, monitoring and reporting.
The Company appointed Helpe Watson (Chartered Accountants) as external auditors in 2002, with Claire Jackson as reporting auditor. In 2003 and 209, Helpe Watson were employed to complete additional work on behalf of the company, advising on the development of internal audit systems and acting as advisors corporate taxation. In addition, Claire Jackson is retained by the Managing Director of the company as a personal tax and financial adviser.
The Financial Statements of the company are produced to a year-end of 31st December. All audit reports issued since 20014 have been unqualified. Company turnover in 2019 was £16.5 million, with profit after tax of £6 million.
In: Accounting
Results for the fourth quarter of 2019 are provided below. CVI's management is concerned as to why the operating income was lower than budgeted. 2019 fourth-quarter operating statement
Actual Budget Revenues: High-speed Internet service $1,822,800 $1,890,000 Regular-speed Internet service 2.856.000 2.646.000 4,678,800 4,536,000 Expenses Billing and collection (55 per customer per quarter) 226,800 210.000 Variable costs of high-speed service ($15 per customer per quarter) 176,400 189.000 Variable costs of regular-speed service ($5 per customer per quarter) 168,000 147.000 Fixed costs 2.650.000 2.300.000 3221 2002 846 000 Operating income $1.457 600 $1.690.000 The budget was based on CVi holding a 35% market share assuming a total budgeted market size of 120.000 customers.
The actual market size for the fourth quarter of 2019 turned out to be 125.000 customers, due to new apartment buildings in the area. The budget also assumed that 30% of CVI's customers would select the high-speed package and the remaining 70% of CVI's customers would select the regular-speed package CVI's high-speed package was budgeted with a selling price of $150 per customer per quarter. The regular-speed package had a budgeted selling price of $90 per customer per quarter. The actual prices in the fourth quarter were $155 and $85 per customer for the high-speed and regular-speed packages respectively.
[PLEASE PROVIDE TYPE-WRITTEN ANSWER -> Not hand-written, hard to understand handwriting]
Calculate each of the following variances:
a) Sales price variance
b) sales volume variance
c) Sales quantity variance
d) Sales mix variance
e) Market size variance
f) Market share variance
In: Accounting
The Cost of Producing Wine at Only a Small Fraction of the Price
Based on Dana Nigro, “What’s Behind the Bottle Price?” Wine Spectator, December 15, 2002:50–56.
Most consumer goods are not sold by the manufacturer. Instead, they are produced by the manufacturer, who sells to a wholesaler, who in turn sells to a retailer, who sells to the public. Such is the case with most wine.
There has been an outcry in recent years over increases wine in prices. Although prices have risen sharply, the multilevel market structure and the markup that occurs at the wholesale and retail levels have a much larger role in the price increases than the production of the wine itself. Total production costs for a typical $24 bottle of wine are just $4.92, or about 20.4% of the final price, whereas wholesale and retail markups together make up 40% of the final price. Not surprisingly, raw materials (grapes) are the single biggest cost. The cost of the grapes may be as much as 60% of total production costs but varies greatly from lower-quality inexpensive wines to the highest quality wines. The second-highest cost for many vintners is the barrels used to ferment the wine. French oak barrels cost as much as $700 apiece and last only a few years. The other major production cost, other than the actual physical plant where the winemaking occurs, is time. Quality wines spend 2–2 ½ years aging in barrels and then an additional 8 months in bottles before being ready for sale.
In: Economics
Revise the following passage, correcting any grammatical and
punctuation errors present. Indicate the
corrected parts in your answer by writing them in bold red
text.
In the 1970s, market researchers discovered that the most young
children were unable to tell the difference
between the television shows they watched and advertisements for
products. Because of this discovery, it was
an attempt in 1978 to put legal restrictions on television
advertisements aimed at too young children, but
advertisers objected. The industry of marketing to children has
being growing steadily since then. Between
1978 and 1998, the amount of money directly spent by children age
four to twelve increased from less than
three billion dollars a year to almost twenty-five billion dollars,
and is not end in sight. Researchers believe that
children in that age group also convince their families to spend
another two hundred billion dollars a year—
such as when a young boy, for example, convinces her mother to
purchase a more expensive computer than
she might otherwise have bought. Marketers are easy to decide to
target this young market—there is their job
to aim at consumers who can be convinced and who will spend most
money.
However, few other groups have also helped marketers figure out the
best way to target a too young
audience. Many child psychologists are now been asked to join
market-research firms to provide information
about how to reach children more effectively. Some members of the
American Psychological Association
lobbied their organization in 2002 to discipline APA members who
have helped advertisers target children, but
the APA has no taken action yet. The most psychologists feel that
the marketers and their advisers have being
allowed very much freedom to appeal to children who cannot make
informed decisions about products, but
the situation does no seem likely to change.
In: Operations Management