Diagnostic tests of medical conditions can have several results. 1) The patient has the condition and the test is positive (+) 2) The patient has the condition and the test is negative (-) – Known as “false negative” 3) The patient doesn’t have the condition and the test is negative (-) 4) The patient doesn’t have the condition and the test is positive (+) – Known as “false positive” Consider the following: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests are used to screen blood specimens for the presence of antibodies to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Antibodies indicate the presence of the virus. The test is quite accurate but is not always correct. Suppose that 1% of a large population carries antibodies to HIV in their blood. Of those that carry the HIV antibodies in their blood, 99.85% will have a positive test result and 0.15% will have a false-negative test result. Of those that do not carry the HIV antibodies in their blood, 99.4% will have a negative test result and 0.60% will have a false-positive test result. Draw a tree diagram for selecting a person from this population and testing his or her blood. Take a look in the example on page 398 of the class text book for an example of a tree diagram. b) Construct a probability table that shows the probabilities for individuals in this population with respect to the presence of antibodies and test results. Take a look in the example on page 394 of the class text book for an example of a probability table. c) What is the probability the EIA is positive for a randomly chosen person from this population? d) In words, define the sensitivity of a test like this. Define the sensitivity in the context of this test using conditional probability notation. Calculate the sensitivity of this test? (you may need to look up what this term means for this context) Take a look at the last equation/calculation in the right hand column of the example on page 398 of the class textbook for an example of the conditional probability notation. e) In words, define the specificity of a test like this. Define specificity in the context of this test using conditional probability notation. Calculate the specificity of this test? (you may need to look up what this term means for this context) Take a look at the last equation/calculation in the right hand column of the example on page 398 of the class textbook for an example of the conditional probability notation. f) In words, define the positive predictive value of a test like this. Define positive predictive value in the contest of this test using conditional probability notation. Calculate the positive predictive value of this test? (you may need to look up what this term means) Take a look at the last equation/calculation in the right hand column of the example on page 398 of the class textbook for an example of the conditional probability notation. g) In words, define the negative predictive value of a test like this. Define negative predictive value in the context of this test using conditional probability notation. Calculate the negative predictive value of this test? (you may need to look up what this term means) Take a look at the last equation/calculation in the right hand column of the example on page 398 of the class textbook for an example of the conditional probability notation.

What products (services) does Tesla sell?

What is their competitive advantage?

What is their business strategy?

Who are their major competitors?

What are the major risks to their business?

#2 Based on what you saw in the video, which theory of management would you say is practiced here at Caffeine & Crullers?

A) scientific management, which uses scientific data to improve efficiency and productivity

B) bureaucratic organization, which emphasizes the adherence to rules and regulations

C) human resources perspective, which promotes motivation through job design

D) systems thinking, which seeks to coordinate the efforts of all subparts in a way that creates synergy, or maximum performance

See below the script of the video

>> Carlos thinks ambushing me will get him a raise. I cannot let him flap my jacks.

>> I thought Jane knew better. She's got her MBA from Wisconsin. Okay, so it's one of the lesser campuses, but still, she thinks she can pull the hyper on me? On me.

>> You know how the market is, Carlos. You're in finance.

>> But little Carrie's making $10,000 more than me? I've been with C and C for 12 years.

>> You more than anyone know that we can't afford to give everyone big raises.

>> Don't you care?

>> I've been round and square with Edmund. You know how he is.

>> If you have to hire someone to replace me, it's going to cost you a lot more than 10,000.

>> Are you threatening me?

>> Jim Hunniman would know how to fix this.

>> You had better decaffeinate, Carlos, and go figure out how to reconcile that increased line item in your budget.

>> Heather's not happy either.

>> Then make a complaint out for your phone now.

>> She's going to give you study after study about pay and motivation. Oh, and she'll cry.

>> You two can line up your experts to poke holes in my donut, but that does not change anything.

>> Are you afraid to talk to her?

>> Of course not.

Create: A systems approach to the reduction of medication error on the hospital

Here is an example:

A systems approach to the reduction of medication error on the hospital ward Aims. To discuss a potentially powerful approach to safer medication administration on the hospital ward, based on principles of safety developed in other high-risk industries, and consistent with recent national reports on safety in health care released in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (USA). To discuss why punitive approaches to safety on the hospital ward and in the nursing literature do not work. Background. Drug administration error on the hospital ward is an ever-present problem and its occurrence is too frequent. Administering medication is probably the highest-risk task a nurse can perform, and accidents can lead to devastating consequences for the patient and for the nurse’s career. Drug errors in nursing are often dealt with by unsystematic, punitive, and ineffective means, with little knowledge of the factors influencing error generation. Typically, individual nurses are simply blamed for their carelessness. By focusing on the individual, the complete set of contributing factors cannot be known. Instead, vain attempts will be made to change human behaviour – one of the most change-resistant aspects of any system. A punitive, person-centred approach therefore, severely hampers effective improvements in safety. By contrast, in other high-risk industries, such as aviation and nuclear power, the systems-centred approach to error reduction is routine. Conclusions. Accidents or errors are only the tip of the incident iceberg. Through effective, nonpunitive incident reporting, which includes reports of near-misses and system problems in addition to actual accidents, the systems-approach allows the complete set of contributing factors underlying an accident to be understood and addressed. Feedback to participants and targeted improvement in the workplace is also important to demonstrate that incident data are being used appropriately, and to maintain high levels of on-going reporting and enthusiasm for the scheme. Drug administration error is a serious problem, which warrants a well-reasoned approach to its improvement

1. What is the major force/pressure that causes filtration?

2. What is the major force/pressure that causes reabsorption?

3. What would happen to the filtration rate if glomerular capillaries were damaged to an extent to be leaky to plasma proteins?

Identifying how renal arterioles affect GFR

Complete the following table that describes how changes in the diameters of these resistance vessels affect glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR (assuming no change in renal arterial pressure) with no change, increase, or decrease.

How renal arterioles respond to changes in blood pressure

Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) can lead to wide changes in systemic pressure, including the renal arteries. Use your understanding of the renal mechanisms identified in part and your understanding of cardiovascular physiology and blood pressure to answer the following questions.

1. In the human body, if MAP is between 80 and 160mmHg, would GFR be expected to change as MAP changes? Explain your answer, including in your answer the afferent arteriolar response, what stimulates it to do so (2 stimuli), and the purpose of this response.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. two stimuli of response:

4. purpose of response:

2. What would happen to GFR if MAP rises above 160mmHg? Explain your answer, including in your answer what each arteriole does, what stimulates their responses, and the purpose of their responses.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. efferent arteriole response:

4. stimulus for responses:

5. purpose of responses:

3. What would happen to GFR if MAP falls below 80mmHg? Explain your answer, including in your answer what each arteriole does, what stimulates their responses, and the purpose of their responses.

1. GFR:

2. afferent arteriole response:

3. efferent arteriole response:

4. stimulus for responses:

5. purpose of responses:

Product Placement

Businesses are always looking for ways to expose markets to their products.  One very interesting method of doing this is product placement.  Instead of running traditional commercials during TV shows, companies and TV/film producers will strategically place a company's products in a TV show, movie, or any number of other contexts that will be viewed by large audiences.   Many companies have even been using product placement in video games.

One of the earlier examples of product placement comes from a personal childhood favorite, ET (1982).  In the movie, a human character uses Reese's Pieces to lure ET from his hiding place.  What many people don't know, however, was that the filmmakers originally wanted to use M&Ms.  They approached Mars, Inc., maker of M&Ms, about a deal to tie in their product with the movie, but Mars passed.  The filmmakers then approached Hershey Foods Corp. with the offer to tie in their product (Reese's Pieces).  The movie turned out to be a hit, and sales of Reese's Pieces shot up.  

Your assignment is to look around for examples of product placement, and then report back here with what you find.  You won't have to look very hard, just pay close attention during your favorite TV shows or movies.  Whenever you see a brand name, you've found product placement.  Keep a pen and paper nearby to record the instances you see and how effective you think they are.  Then, answer the following questions:

1. Give me at least three examples of placement that you've seen and comment on each of them. (was it used effectively, was the product shown in a positive light, etc.?)
2. What advantages does product placement have over other forms of promotion?  What disadvantages might it have?
3. Do you think product placement is effective in driving consumer demand?  Have you ever bought anything because you saw it in a movie or TV show?